{"id":571,"date":"2023-02-05T07:01:19","date_gmt":"2023-02-05T07:01:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/?page_id=571"},"modified":"2023-05-09T08:35:32","modified_gmt":"2023-05-09T08:35:32","slug":"educatie-civica","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/english\/educatie-civica\/","title":{"rendered":"Educa\u021bie civic\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"571\" class=\"elementor elementor-571\" data-elementor-settings=\"{&quot;ha_cmc_init_switcher&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ebbbf0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5ebbbf0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e754292 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e754292\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d0d99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72d0d99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Educa\u021bie \u0219i implicare civic\u0103<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da897b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"da897b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-122151d elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"122151d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\n    h2 {\n        text-align: center;\n        margin-top:15vh;\n        background-color: #121414;\n        color: #A2FF71;\n    }\n<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dba5f76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dba5f76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"margin-top: 0px;\">Introducere<\/h2>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Educa\u021bia civic\u0103 e materia care nu ne-a fost prezentat\u0103 suficient \u00een \u0219coal\u0103. \u00cen viziunea noastr\u0103, ne explic\u0103 felul \u00een care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 democra\u021bia rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 \u0219i rolul nostru de cet\u0103\u021beni. E important s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem sistemul dac\u0103 pl\u0103nuim s\u0103-l schimb\u0103m. La fel de important e s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem acel cli\u0219eu cu \u201eschimbarea \u00eencepe cu tine\u201d, de aceea red\u0103m urm\u0103toarea parabol\u0103:<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0afe153 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0afe153\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f4038b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8f4038b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02be891 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"02be891\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"290\" height=\"298\" src=\"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture10.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1154\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture10.png 290w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture10-12x12.png 12w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f7419f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7f7419f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72e0dce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72e0dce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A ap\u0103rut o problem\u0103 foarte important\u0103 \u015fi <\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Toat\u0103 Lumea <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">trebuia s\u0103 o rezolve.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Toat\u0103 Lumea<\/span> era sigur\u0103 c\u0103 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #3366ff;\">Cineva <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o s\u0103 o fac\u0103.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #33cccc;\">Oricine <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">putea s\u0103 o fac\u0103, dar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #ff6600;\">Nimeni <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nu a f\u0103cut-o.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #3366ff;\">Cineva<\/span> <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s-a enervat din cauza asta, pentru c\u0103 era treab\u0103 pentru <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Toat\u0103 Lumea<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Toat\u0103 Lumea<\/span> <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a crezut c\u0103 <span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #33cccc;\">Oricine<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">poate s\u0103 o fac\u0103, dar <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #ff6600;\">Nimeni<\/span> <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nu a realizat c\u0103 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Toat\u0103 Lumea <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o s\u0103 stea deoparte.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cen cele din urm\u0103 <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Toat\u0103 Lumea<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a dat vina pe <span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #3366ff;\">Cineva<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u015fi <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #ff6600;\">Nimeni<\/span> <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">n-a f\u0103cut ceea ce <span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #33cccc;\">Oricine<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">putea s\u0103 fac\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5bdac8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e5bdac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a36ffa elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7a36ffa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/its.funky.ong\/edCivRF\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Cite\u0219te ca PDF<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d3561d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d3561d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To\u0163i suntem cet\u0103\u0163eni \u015fi ne bucur\u0103m \u00een teorie de acelea\u015fi drepturi. Cet\u0103\u0163eanul pare a fi cel mai privilegiat membru din ecosistemul local, c\u0103ci toate celelalte entit\u0103\u0163i \u015fi roluri se muleaz\u0103 \u00een jurul s\u0103u. Unii dintre noi \u00ee\u015fi asum\u0103 \u015fi alte roluri.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exist\u0103 mai multe metode prin care fiecare dintre noi poate s\u0103 se implice \u0219i s\u0103 ajute la bunul mers al societ\u0103\u021bii.<\/span><\/p><h2>Principii \u0219i concepte de baz\u0103<\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rom\u00e2nia e un stat democratic, iar cet\u0103\u021benii rom\u00e2ni se bucur\u0103 de drepturi \u0219i libert\u0103\u021bi \u00eenscrise \u00een legea fundamental\u0103 a \u021b\u0103rii, Constitu\u021bia Rom\u00e2niei.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3>Societatea Civil\u0103<\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deserve\u015fte interesul general \u015fi are rol de mediator \u00eentre cet\u0103\u0163eni \u015fi autorit\u0103\u0163i;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Este organizat\u0103 pe anumite domenii de interes;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poate fi format\u0103 din Organiza\u021bii neguvernamentale (ONG), grupuri comunitare sau de ini\u021biativ\u0103 civic\u0103, sindicate, organiza\u021bii religioase \u0219i alte tipuri de grupuri sociale \u0219i culturale;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Termenul de ONG cuprinde mai multe tipuri de organiza\u021bii: asocia\u021biile \u0219i funda\u021biile sunt cele mai comune, dar exist\u0103 \u0219i federa\u021bii \u0219i uniuni;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lista tuturor ONG-urilor este gestionat\u0103 de Ministerul Justi\u021biei. Se cheam\u0103 \u201eRegistrul Asocia\u021biilor \u0219i Funda\u021biilor\u201d sau, mai nou, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.just.ro\/registrul-national-ong\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Registrul Na\u021bional ONG<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exist\u0103 mai multe defini\u021bii ale societ\u0103\u021bii civile, iar conceptul a fost interpretat \u0219i aplicat \u00eentr-o varietate de moduri. Una din defini\u021bii vede societatea civil\u0103 ca un t\u0103r\u00e2m al vie\u021bii publice \u00een care se afl\u0103 \u0219i partidele politice, mass-media \u0219i grupurile de interes public, care contribuie la discursul public \u0219i la procesele de luare a deciziilor \u00eentr-o societate.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Societatea civil\u0103 serve\u0219te ca un soi de form\u0103 de control asupra statului \u0219i ajut\u0103 la tragerea la r\u0103spundere a acestor institu\u021bii \u00een fa\u021ba publicului larg. Dac\u0103 vrei s\u0103 treci de la un grup informal la ceva cu acte \u00een regul\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 parcurgi urm\u0103torii pa\u0219i:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u0103se\u0219ti \u00eenc\u0103 doi oameni care s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 valorile tale;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Redacta\u021bi un statut \u0219i un act constitutiv \u00een care spune\u021bi cine sunte\u021bi, unde ave\u021bi sediul, de ce v\u0103 \u00eenfiin\u021ba\u021bi \u0219i cum sunte\u021bi organiza\u021bi (cum lua\u021bi decizii, cum se dob\u00e2nde\u0219te \u0219i pierde calitatea de membru). Po\u021bi c\u0103uta pe Google <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=model+act+constitutiv+asociatie&amp;oq=model+ac&amp;aqs=chrome.0.69i59j69i57.1262j0j4&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">modele<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> pentru inspira\u021bie;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Face\u021bi o mic\u0103 str\u00e2ngere de fonduri ca s\u0103 ave\u021bi patrimoniu ini\u021bial (minim 200 lei pentru o asocia\u021bie, iar pentru funda\u021bie &#8211; minim de cel pu\u0163in 100 de ori salariul minim brut pe economie, la data constituirii funda\u0163iei. Ace\u0219ti bani trebuie pu\u0219i \u00eentr-un cont bancar (deci p\u0103streaz\u0103 <\/span><b>dovada depunerii <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">acestui depozit \u00eentr-un cont bancar);<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ob\u021bine\u021bi documentele necesare, \u00een ordine:<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cazierul fiscal al asocia\u021bilor (fondatorilor), via ANAF (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/static.anaf.ro\/static\/10\/Anaf\/formulare\/504_2015.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">formular 504<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sau prin Spa\u021biul Public Virtual, dac\u0103 ai cont);<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dovada denumirii (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.just.ro\/informatii-de-interes-public\/formulare-tip-acte-si-proceduri-utile\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">g\u0103se\u0219ti aici procedura<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">);<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sediul social &#8211; ai nevoie de contract de comodat \/ \u00eenchiriere \u00eentre proprietar \u0219i asocia\u021bie. Dac\u0103 ai vecini cu pere\u021bi comuni, de pild\u0103 la apartament, trebuie ob\u021binut \u0219i acordul lor);<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Merge\u021bi cu aceste documente la un notar, pentru a le verifica \u0219i a autentifica declara\u021bia proprietarului prin care acesta pune la dispozi\u021bie spa\u021biul ca sediu;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Face\u021bi o cerere de \u00eenscriere \u00een Registrul Asocia\u021biilor \u0219i Funda\u021biilor;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Face\u021bi un dos\u0103rel frumos cu toate cele de mai sus (v\u0103 va spune notarul dac\u0103 uita\u021bi vreunul), dar \u0219i cele de mai jos, apoi merge\u021bi la judec\u0103toria de care apar\u021bine\u021bi (\u00een func\u021bie de adresa sediului ales)\u00a0 \u0219i depune\u021bi dosarul, care trebuie s\u0103 con\u021bin\u0103:<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Actul constitutiv;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statutul;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dovada disponibilit\u0103\u021bii denumirii (eliberat\u0103 de Ministerul Justi\u021biei);<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Actele doveditoare ale sediului \u0219i patrimoniului ini\u021bial;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Copii dup\u0103 c\u0103r\u021bile de identitate (legea spune \u201ecopii certificate pentru conformitate cu originalul ale actelor doveditoare ale identit\u0103\u021bii membrilor asocia\u021bi\u201d);<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O declara\u021bie pe proprie r\u0103spundere vizavi de beneficiarii reali;<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prime\u0219ti un num\u0103r \u0219i \u00een 2-3 zile \u00eel po\u021bi folosi ca s\u0103 verifici pe portal.just.ro c\u00e2nd ai fost programat la judec\u0103tor. E bine s\u0103 mergi ca s\u0103 po\u021bi r\u0103spunde la poten\u021biale \u00eentreb\u0103ri care pot ap\u0103rea.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10c8723 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10c8723\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b1a15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48b1a15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mai multe informa\u021bii<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1ce31d ha-has-bg-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d1ce31d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/legislatie.just.ro\/Public\/DetaliiDocumentAfis\/231450\">Ordonan\u021ba 26 din 2000<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae0760e ha-has-bg-overlay elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ae0760e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=ghid+infiintare+ong&#038;oq=ghid&#038;aqs=chrome.0.69i59j69i57j69i61l2.1374j0j1&#038;sourceid=chrome&#038;ie=UTF-8\">Caut\u0103 pe google \u201eghid \u00eenfiin\u021bare ONG\u201d<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f35abd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f35abd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Stat de drept<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stat \u00een sensul se \u201estare\u201d, nu \u00een sensul de \u201e\u021bar\u0103\u201d. E vorba de acea stare \u00een care respectarea legii (a regulilor) e mai presus de orice. \u00cen englez\u0103 \u00eei zice \u201erule of law\u201d, deci \u00een traducere ar suna ca \u201edomnia legii\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3>Reprezentare<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poporul e suveran, adic\u0103 are puterea suprem\u0103. Dar poporul e \u0219i numeros, a\u0219a c\u0103 mandateaz\u0103 reprezentan\u021bi ca s\u0103 ia decizii \u00een numele lui. A\u0219adar, pentru c\u0103 avem o <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">democra\u021bie reprezentativ\u0103<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, o dat\u0103 la c\u00e2\u021biva ani, vot\u0103m:<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c15239c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c15239c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"567\" src=\"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-02-10-092819-1024x567.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1158\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-02-10-092819-1024x567.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-02-10-092819-300x166.jpg 300w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-02-10-092819-768x425.jpg 768w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-02-10-092819-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-02-10-092819.jpg 1194w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d947de8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d947de8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Un partid politic cu a c\u0103rui viziune suntem de acord \u0219i care s\u0103 ne reprezinte interesele \u00een Parlament. \u00cen <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electoral_system#Types_of_electoral_systems\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sistemul<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nostru de vot actual, partidul propune aleg\u0103torilor o list\u0103 de politicieni \u0219i un anumit num\u0103r dintre ace\u0219tia va intra \u00een Parlament, \u00een func\u021bie de procentele ob\u021binute \u00een alegeri\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alegem direct un Pre\u0219edinte, la fiecare 5 ani<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alegem direct primarul, consilierii locali \u0219i Pre\u0219edintele Consiliului Jude\u021bean<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>Principiul separ\u0103rii puterilor<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Se refer\u0103 la ideea c\u0103 diferitele ramuri ale unui stat ar trebui s\u0103 aib\u0103 roluri \u0219i responsabilit\u0103\u021bi distincte \u0219i separate. Acestea ar trebui s\u0103 fie independente unele de altele pentru a preveni ca oricare din ramuri s\u0103 acumuleze prea mult\u0103 putere \u0219i s\u0103 devin\u0103 dominant\u0103.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30d4f86 elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"30d4f86\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c49be9b elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-htmega-flipbox-addons\" data-id=\"c49be9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"htmega-flipbox-addons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t            \n            <div class=\"htmega-flip-box-area htmega-flip-box-style-1 htmega-flip-box-animation-right\">\n\n                <div class='htmega-flip-box-front'>\n                    <div class=\"front-container\">\n                                                                    <span class=\"flipbox-number\">1<\/span>                                        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"htmega-flip-overlay\"><\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n                <div class='htmega-flip-box-back'>\n                    <div class=\"back-container\">\n                                            <h2>PUTEREA  LEGISLATIV\u0102<\/h2><p>Face regulile = PARLAMENTUL<\/p>\n                                            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"htmega-flip-overlay\"><\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e1abe7 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-htmega-flipbox-addons\" data-id=\"8e1abe7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"htmega-flipbox-addons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t            \n            <div class=\"htmega-flip-box-area htmega-flip-box-style-1 htmega-flip-box-animation-bottom\">\n\n                <div class='htmega-flip-box-front'>\n                    <div class=\"front-container\">\n                                                                    <span class=\"flipbox-number\">2<\/span>                                        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"htmega-flip-overlay\"><\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n                <div class='htmega-flip-box-back'>\n                    <div class=\"back-container\">\n                                            <h2>PUTEREA EXECUTIV\u0102<\/h2><p>Aplic\u0103 regulile\n=\nGUVERNUL\n<\/p>\n                                            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"htmega-flip-overlay\"><\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-548b5c1 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-htmega-flipbox-addons\" data-id=\"548b5c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"htmega-flipbox-addons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t            \n            <div class=\"htmega-flip-box-area htmega-flip-box-style-1 htmega-flip-box-animation-right\">\n\n                <div class='htmega-flip-box-front'>\n                    <div class=\"front-container\">\n                                                                    <span class=\"flipbox-number\">3<\/span>                                        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"htmega-flip-overlay\"><\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n                <div class='htmega-flip-box-back'>\n                    <div class=\"back-container\">\n                                            <h2>PUTEREA JUDEC\u0102TOREASC\u0102<\/h2><p>Interpreteaz\u0103 \u0219i aplic\u0103 regulile \n=\nJUSTI\u021aIA\n<\/p>\n                                            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"htmega-flip-overlay\"><\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeb1e09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-htmega-flipbox-addons\" data-id=\"aeb1e09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"htmega-flipbox-addons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t            \n            <div class=\"htmega-flip-box-area htmega-flip-box-style-1 htmega-flip-box-animation-right\">\n\n                <div class='htmega-flip-box-front'>\n                    <div class=\"front-container\">\n                                                                    <span class=\"flipbox-number\">1<\/span>                                        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"htmega-flip-overlay\"><\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n                <div class='htmega-flip-box-back'>\n                    <div class=\"back-container\">\n                                            <h2>PUTEREA  LEGISLATIV\u0102<\/h2><p>Face regulile = PARLAMENTUL<\/p>\n                                            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"htmega-flip-overlay\"><\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67e4035 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"67e4035\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe8148d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fe8148d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fiecare putere este independent\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de celelalte \u0219i are propria fi\u0219\u0103 a postului. C\u00e2nd puterile sunt separate, tirania, abuzurile \u0219i corup\u021bia se r\u0103sp\u00e2ndesc mai greu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Totu\u0219i, separa\u021bia puterilor nu este total\u0103 \u2013 Guvernul, Parlamentul \u0219i justi\u021bia comunic\u0103, exist\u0103 \u00eentr-un echilibru care permite fiec\u0103rei puteri s\u0103 exercite un anumit control asupra ac\u021biunilor \u0219i deciziilor celorlalte. Astfel, nicio nu devine prea puternic\u0103 \u0219i nu poate controla celelalte puteri mul\u021bumit\u0103 acestui echilibru (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">checks &amp; balances<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/p><h2>Parlamentul<\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Locul \u00een care se coc \u0219i ies din cuptor legile.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De\u0219i ne place s\u0103 ne g\u00e2ndim la Parlament ca la o institu\u021bie \u00een sine, adev\u0103rul e c\u0103, tehnic vorbind, Parlamentul nostru <\/span><b>bicameral <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rareori se comport\u0103 ca o singur\u0103 entitate. Senatul \u0219i Camera Deputa\u021bilor sunt institu\u021bii separate, fiecare cu propriul CIF, propriul site, propriul regulament, propriul Birou Permanent<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, propriul sistem de notare (proiectele de lege se cheam\u0103 PL-x-uri la deputa\u021bi, pe c\u00e2nd la senatori sunt notate cu literele \u201eL\u201d sau \u201eB\u201d \u00een fa\u021b\u0103) \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe. Da, exist\u0103 momente \u00een care au \u0219edin\u021be comune, dar, \u00een rest, camerele exist\u0103 pentru a se contrabalansa una pe cealalt\u0103 (din nou, checks &amp; balances).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La data redact\u0103rii acestui material, Parlamentul e compus din <\/span><b>136 de senatori <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>330 de deputa\u021bi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ale\u0219i direct de cet\u0103\u021beni \u00een alegeri parlamentare, odat\u0103 la 4 ani, \u00een circumscrip\u021bii electorale, pe liste de partid \u00eenchise. Fiecare jude\u021b corespunde unei circumscrip\u021bii electorale. Bucure\u0219tiul are \u0219i el propria-i circumscrip\u021bie, la fel \u0219i diaspora. Reprezentarea cet\u0103\u021benilor este una propor\u021bional\u0103 cu locuitorii circumscrip\u021biei &#8211; astfel, jude\u021bul Ilfov are un num\u0103r de 5 parlamentari, pe c\u00e2nd Bucure\u0219tiul are 29.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Camerele joac\u0103, pe r\u00e2nd, rolul de Camer\u0103 sesizat\u0103 (cu adoptare tacit\u0103 \u00een 45 de zile) \u0219i Camer\u0103 decizional\u0103 (f\u0103r\u0103 termen de adoptare), \u00een func\u021bie de ce spune legea. <\/span><b>Camera Deputa\u0163ilor <\/b><a href=\"http:\/\/legislatie.just.ro\/Public\/DetaliiDocumentAfis\/47355#id_artA438_ttl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">se pronun\u0163\u0103<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00een calitate de prim\u0103 Camer\u0103 sesizat\u0103 asupra proiectelor de legi \u015fi propunerilor legislative din domenii precum administra\u021bia public\u0103 local\u0103 sau \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt, iar <\/span><b>Senatul<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">conform <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/legislatie.just.ro\/Public\/DetaliiDocumentAfis\/47355#id_artA407_ttl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">art. 73<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> din Constitu\u021bie \u0219i <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/legislatie.just.ro\/Public\/DetaliiDocument\/35000#id_artA1340_ttl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">art. 92<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> din Regulamentul s\u0103u, va fi prima Camer\u0103 sesizat\u0103 pentru proiecte ce \u021bin de statutul func\u021bionarilor publici, organizarea alegerilor.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cen fiecare an, Parlamentul se \u00eentrune\u0219te \u00een dou\u0103 <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/legislatie.just.ro\/Public\/DetaliiDocumentAfis\/47355#id_artA373_ttl\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sesiuni<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ordinare:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">februarie &#8211; iunie\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">septembrie &#8211; decembrie.<\/span><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-226c516 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"226c516\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/calendar-saptamanal-parlamentar-1024x576.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1155\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/calendar-saptamanal-parlamentar-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/calendar-saptamanal-parlamentar-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/calendar-saptamanal-parlamentar-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/calendar-saptamanal-parlamentar-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/calendar-saptamanal-parlamentar-18x10.png 18w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/calendar-saptamanal-parlamentar.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d168cad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d168cad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cen aceste <\/span><b>sesiuni<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, parlamentarii lucreaz\u0103 toat\u0103 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2na. O s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 de lucru \u00eencepe cu un plen (luni dup\u0103-amiaz\u0103), continu\u0103 cu activitate \u00een comisii (mar\u021bi, toat\u0103 ziua), apoi miercuri c\u00e2te pu\u021bin din ambele (plen, de diminea\u021b\u0103, comisii, dup\u0103). Vinerea \u0219i s\u00e2mb\u0103ta sunt oficial zile dedicate lucrului \u00een teritoriu. Pentru a asculta mai bine nevoile cet\u0103\u021benilor din circumscrip\u021bia pe care o reprezint\u0103, parlamentarii au <\/span><b>birouri de parlamentar <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00een jude\u021bul care i-a ales (unii se limiteaz\u0103 la un singur birou, al\u021bii au chiar patru).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parlamentarii apar\u021bin, de regul\u0103, unui <\/span><b>grup parlamentar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Fiecare partid parlamentar are propriul grup parlamentar, la care se adaug\u0103 grupul minorit\u0103\u021bilor na\u021bionale. Pot exista \u0219i parlamentari neafilia\u021bi, care ajung neafilia\u021bi c\u00e2nd nu se mai reg\u0103sesc \u00een valorile grupului parlamentar ini\u021bial.<\/span><\/p><h3>Func\u021biile Parlamentului<\/h3><p><b>Stabilirea principalelor direc\u021bii<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ale activit\u0103\u021bii social-economice, culturale, statale \u0219i juridice, prin<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">adoptarea bugetului<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">declararea mobiliz\u0103rii generale sau par\u021biale<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reglementarea alegerilor<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reglementarea organiz\u0103rii \u0219i desf\u0103\u0219ur\u0103rii referendumului<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">organizarea \u0219i func\u021bionarea organelor statului,<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><b>De conducere \u00een politica extern\u0103<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: ratific\u0103 \u0219i denun\u021b\u0103 acorduri interna\u021bionale<\/span><\/p><p><b>De alegere, formare, avizare a form\u0103rii, numire sau revocare a unor autorit\u0103\u021bi sau institu\u021bii\u00a0<\/b><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cel poate suspenda din func\u021bie pe Pre\u0219edintele Rom\u00e2niei<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acord\u0103 votul de \u00eencredere programului \u0219i Guvernului<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poate retrage \u00eencrederea acordat\u0103 Guvernului<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nume\u0219te Avocatul Poporului \u0219i \u0219efii altor institu\u021bii (vezi mai jos)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><b>De control parlamentar<\/b><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Controlul parlamentar exercitat prin mesaje, rapoarte \u0219i programe;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Controlul exercitat prin comisiile parlamentare;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Controlul exercitat prin \u00eentreb\u0103ri \u0219i interpel\u0103ri;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parlamentarii pot cere \u0219i ob\u021bine informa\u021biile necesare;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Controlul exercitat prin rezolvarea peti\u021biilor cet\u0103\u021benilor;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Controlul exercitat prin Avocatul Poporului.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urm\u0103toarele institu\u021bii se afl\u0103 sub controlul Parlamentului:<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a19b3f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6a19b3f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1e1fef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a1e1fef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61598e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61598e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avocatul Poporului<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consiliul Legislativ<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Autoritatea Electoral\u0103 Permanent\u0103<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Curtea de Conturi \u015fi Autoritatea de Audit<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Banca Na\u0163ional\u0103 a Rom\u00e2niei<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Serviciul Rom\u00e2n de Informa\u0163ii<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Serviciul de Informa\u0163ii Externe<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consiliul Na\u0163ional al Audiovizualului<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Autoritatea Na\u0163ional\u0103 pentru Administrare \u015fi Reglementare \u00een Comunica\u0163ii<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d45550 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4d45550\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97b0d45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"97b0d45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consiliul Economic \u015fi Social<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Societatea Rom\u00e2n\u0103 de Radiodifuziune<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Societatea Rom\u00e2n\u0103 de Televiziune<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Autoritatea Na\u0163ional\u0103 de Reglementare \u00een Domeniul Energiei<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Autoritatea de Supraveghere Financiar\u0103<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colegiul Consiliului Na\u0163ional pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securit\u0103\u0163ii<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Serviciul de Telecomunica\u0163ii Speciale<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a6ca1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e0a6ca1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7f0f59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b7f0f59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Serviciul de Protec\u0163ie \u015fi Paz\u0103<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consiliul Na\u0163ional pentru Combaterea Discrimin\u0103rii<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agen\u0163ia Na\u0163ional\u0103 de Pres\u0103 AGERPRES<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consiliul Statistic Na\u0163ional<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Comitetul pentru Finan\u0163e Publice Locale<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consiliul Fiscal<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consiliul Na\u0163ional de Solu\u0163ionare a Contesta\u0163iilor<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-413f08c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"413f08c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c16e564 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c16e564\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cum se adopt\u0103 o lege \u00een Parlament<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffbf707 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ffbf707\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/educatie-civica-adoptare-lege-parlament-infografic-1-1024x576.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1156\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/educatie-civica-adoptare-lege-parlament-infografic-1-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/educatie-civica-adoptare-lege-parlament-infografic-1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/educatie-civica-adoptare-lege-parlament-infografic-1-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/educatie-civica-adoptare-lege-parlament-infografic-1-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/educatie-civica-adoptare-lege-parlament-infografic-1-18x10.png 18w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/educatie-civica-adoptare-lege-parlament-infografic-1.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3db8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3db8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/educatie-civica-adoptare-lege-parlament-infografic-2-1024x576.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1157\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/educatie-civica-adoptare-lege-parlament-infografic-2-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/educatie-civica-adoptare-lege-parlament-infografic-2-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/educatie-civica-adoptare-lege-parlament-infografic-2-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/educatie-civica-adoptare-lege-parlament-infografic-2-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/educatie-civica-adoptare-lege-parlament-infografic-2-18x10.png 18w, https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/educatie-civica-adoptare-lege-parlament-infografic-2.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-200924d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"200924d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li><b> Sesizarea comisiei de fond: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biroul permanent al camerei de reflec\u021bie sesizeaz\u0103 o comisie de fond, care joac\u0103 rolul de centralizator, trimi\u021b\u00e2nd proiectul de lege \u0219i c\u0103tre alte comisii cu care acesta interac\u021bioneaz\u0103 (ex: juridic\u0103, de finan\u021be, administra\u021bie public\u0103, etc)<\/span><\/li><li><b> Avizul comisiilor specializate: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">comisiile parlamentare sunt chemate s\u0103 dea un aviz (pozitiv sau negativ), care are \u00eens\u0103 doar rol consultativ fa\u021b\u0103 de comisia de fond.<\/span><\/li><li><b> Votul \u00een plen: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">parlamentarii dezbat oportunitatea adopt\u0103rii proiectului de lege, lu\u00e2nd \u00een considerare toate avizele din comisii, apoi voteaz\u0103 informa\u021bi.<\/span><\/li><li><b> Decizia Pre\u0219edintelui: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pre\u0219edintele \u021b\u0103rii poate promulga legea prin decret sau, dac\u0103 are dubii, s\u0103 o trimit\u0103 spre reexami-nare, sau s\u0103 cear\u0103 un control de constitu\u021bionalitate la Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 (CCR)<\/span><\/li><li><b> Controlul de constitu\u021bionalitate<\/b><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urm\u0103torii actori pot sesiza CCR \u00eenainte de promulgarea proiectului de lege:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pre\u015fedintele<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guvernul<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cenalta Curte de Casa\u021bie \u0219i Justi\u021bie<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">unul dintre pre\u015fedin\u0163ii celor dou\u0103 Camere<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avocatului Poporului<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">minim 50 de deputa\u0163i, respectiv 25 de senatori.<\/span><b><br \/><\/b><\/li><\/ul><ol start=\"6\"><li><b> Publicarea legii \u00een Monitorul Oficial: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">este momentul \u00een care legea \u00eencepe s\u0103 produc\u0103 efecte.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><h3>Comisiile\u00a0<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La \u00eenceputul legislaturii, fiecare Camer\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i alege c\u00e2te un Pre\u0219edinte, precum \u0219i un birou permanent. Apoi, fiecare Camer\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i constituie comisii permanente \u0219i poate institui comisii de anchet\u0103 sau alte comisii speciale. Camerele \u00ee\u0219i pot constitui comisii comune. Birourile permanente \u0219i comisiile se alc\u0103tuiesc conform configura\u021biei politice a fiec\u0103rei Camere. Comisiile sunt locul fierbinte \u00een care se nasc (\u0219i mor) proiecte legislative.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cet\u0103\u021benii pot participa la lucr\u0103rile comisiilor.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fiecare camer\u0103 are propriile comisii, undeva \u00eentre 20-30 ca num\u0103r. Acestora li se adaug\u0103 c\u00e2teva comisii comune.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fiecare comisie are un birou, un pre\u0219edinte \u0219i unul sau mai mul\u021bi vicepre\u0219edin\u021bi.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Comisiile dau un aviz \u00een numele comisiei, deci nu exist\u0103 trasabilitate individual\u0103 pe voturile din comisii (nu po\u021bi afla dac\u0103 deputatul t\u0103u a votat \u00eempotriva sau pentru un aviz).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cen plen, la vot, rareori se ajunge la surprize. Consensul politic este rezolvat dinainte s\u0103 se ajung\u0103 la vot.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>Tipuri de acte normative<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cen sens larg, prin termenul \u201elege\u201d se \u00een\u0163elege orice act normativ; \u00een sens restr\u00e2ns e vorba doar de actele normative emise de Parlament (organul legislativ al statului).<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constitu\u021bia, legea suprem\u0103 a \u021b\u0103rii<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legile adoptate de Parlament (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">organice<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; reglementeaz\u0103 domeniile de importan\u021b\u0103 major\u0103 pentru stat sau <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ordinare <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; reglementeaz\u0103 toate celelalte domenii neacoperite de legea organic\u0103\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ordonan\u021be ale Guvernului, care se emit pe baza unei deleg\u0103ri legislative \u0219i \u00een cazuri speciale<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hot\u0103r\u00e2rile Guvernului, care stabilesc modul \u00een care legile vor fi puse \u00een aplicare<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acte normative emise de administra\u021bia public\u0103 central\u0103 (ex: ordin de ministru) \u0219i de cea local\u0103 (ex: Hot\u0103r\u00e2re de Consiliu Local)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decretele Pre\u0219edintelui Rom\u00e2niei<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acte normative emise de autorit\u0103\u021bile administra\u021biei publice locale (HCL-uri)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">legisla\u021bia european\u0103 (Regulamente, Directive, Recomand\u0103ri), c\u0103reia Rom\u00e2nia i se supune din calitatea sa de \u021bar\u0103 membr\u0103 a Uniunii Europene<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>Imunitatea parlamentar\u0103<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Un senator sau un deputat nu poate fi tras la r\u0103spundere juridic\u0103 pentru voturile sau opiniile politice exprimate la locul de munc\u0103 &#8211; adic\u0103 pe durata mandatului. \u00cen plus, au un statut special \u0219i pentru fapte care n-au leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu job-ul &#8211; urm\u0103rirea \u0219i trimiterea \u00een judecat\u0103 se pot face doar cu acordul colegilor din Camera din care fac parte. Aceast\u0103 form\u0103 de protec\u021bie poate p\u0103rea excesiv\u0103. Totu\u0219i, existen\u021ba imunit\u0103\u021bii parlamentare are la baz\u0103 nevoia societ\u0103\u021bii ca parlamentarul s\u0103 nu poat\u0103 fi constr\u00e2ns s\u0103 voteze \u00eentr-un anumit fel sau s\u0103 fie presat s\u0103 propun\u0103 legi \u00een care acesta nu crede.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h2>Pre\u0219edintele<\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rom\u00e2nia este o republic\u0103 semi-preziden\u021bial\u0103, dup\u0103 model francez. Sintagma \u201e\u0219eful statului\u201d este \u00een\u0219el\u0103toare atunci c\u00e2nd o auzim cu referire la Pre\u0219edintele Rom\u00e2niei. Da, Pre\u0219edintele <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reprezint\u0103<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> statul (statul ca no\u021biune abstract\u0103), \u00een timp de Parlamentul reprezint\u0103 poporul (democra\u021bia noastr\u0103 e reprezentativ\u0103, avem reprezentan\u021bi \u00een Parlament care ne reprezint\u0103, teoretic, interesele). Pre\u0219edintele nu d\u0103 legi (de\u0219i emite decrete), dar promulg\u0103 legile adoptate de Parlament (adic\u0103 le face oficiale \u0219i aplicabile); Pre\u0219edintele nu guverneaz\u0103 (avem prim-ministru \u0219i cabinet de mini\u0219tri), dar este comandantul suprem al for\u021belor armate \u0219i are atribu\u021bii \u00een politica extern\u0103 (semneaz\u0103 tratate interna\u021bionale negociate \u00een prealabil de Guvern). Toate aceste m\u0103suri deriv\u0103 din principiul de verificare \u0219i contrapondere (checks &amp; balances).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chiar dac\u0103 \u00een timpul campaniei electorale candidatul la func\u021bia de Pre\u0219edinte poate veni din partea unui partid politic, odat\u0103 ajuns \u00een func\u021bia de Pre\u0219edinte, acesta nu mai poate fi afiliat cu vreun partid \u0219i nu poate \u00eendeplini nici o alt\u0103 func\u021bie public\u0103 sau privat\u0103.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Cum ajungi s\u0103 Pre\u0219edinte \u0219i cum po\u021bi fi suspendat?<\/b><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cet\u0103\u021benii aleg, \u00een mod direct, la fiecare cinci ani, Pre\u0219edintele Rom\u00e2niei.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Un pre\u0219edinte poate \u00eendeplini cel mult dou\u0103 mandate de c\u00e2te cinci ani fiecare.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pre\u0219edintele <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">poate fi suspendat<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> dac\u0103 majoritatea parlamentar\u0103 consider\u0103 c\u0103 se face vinovat de \u00eenc\u0103lcarea grav\u0103 a Constitu\u021biei; aprecierea cu privirea la \u201e\u00eenc\u0103lcarea grav\u0103\u201d o face Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103, \u00eentr-un proces de consultare declan\u0219at de Parlament. De la suspendare p\u00e2n\u0103 la demitere se trece \u00eens\u0103 prin referendum, cet\u0103\u021benii fiind cei care decid dac\u0103 Pre\u0219edintele r\u0103m\u00e2ne la Cotroceni sau nu. Din nou, aceste reguli sunt generate de principiul de <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">checks and balances.<\/span><\/i><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dac\u0103, din anumite motive (demisie, boal\u0103, demitere, deces),<\/span><b> postul de Pre\u0219edinte r\u0103m\u00e2ne vacant<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Pre\u0219edintele Senatului (sau, dac\u0103 acesta nu poate, Pre\u0219edintele Camerei Deputa\u021bilor) \u00eei vor \u021bine locul temporar (adic\u0103 vor asigura interimatul func\u021biei)<\/span><\/p><h3>Rela\u021bia cu celelalte puteri ale statului<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tehnic vorbind, Pre\u0219edintele nu reprezint\u0103 niciuna dintre puterile statului, dar are atribu\u021bii care \u00eel fac s\u0103 interfa\u021beze cu fiecare din cele trei puteri.<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Cu Guvernul<\/b><\/p><br \/><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pre\u0219edintele <\/span><b>desemneaz\u0103 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">premierul (dup\u0103 consult\u0103ri cu forma\u021biunile politice parlamentare)<\/span><\/p><br \/><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dup\u0103 votul favorabil din Parlament, Pre\u0219edintele <\/span><b>nume\u0219te Guvernul.<\/b><\/p><br \/><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oric\u00e2nd consider\u0103 c\u0103 este cazul, Pre\u015fedintele Rom\u00e2niei <\/span><b>poate consulta Guvernul <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cu privire la probleme urgente \u015fi de importan\u0163\u0103 deosebit\u0103<\/span><\/p><br \/><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poate <\/span><b>participa la \u0219edin\u021bele Guvernului <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(caz \u00een care le prezideaz\u0103). Acest lucru nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 devine automat \u0219i ministru.<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><b>Cu Parlamentul<\/b><\/p><br \/><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poate <\/span><b>retrimite <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00een Parlament o lege (o singur\u0103 dat\u0103\/lege) printr-o cerere de reexaminare<\/span><\/p><br \/><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Po\u021bi <\/span><b>sesiza Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> oric\u00e2nd vrei s\u0103 verifici dac\u0103 o lege e constitu\u021bional\u0103.<\/span><\/p><br \/><p><b>Promulg\u0103 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">legile adoptate de Parlament\u00a0<\/span><\/p><br \/><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poate <\/span><b>dizolva Parlamentul<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, dar doar \u00een situa\u021bia \u00een care Parlamentul nu se pune de acord nici dup\u0103 dou\u0103 propuneri (de la Pre\u0219edinte) asupra form\u0103rii Guvernului, Pre\u0219edintele poate dizolva Parlamentul.<\/span><\/p><br \/><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pre\u0219edintele poate merge \u00een <\/span><b>plenul <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parlamentului pentru a adresa senatorilor \u0219i deputa\u021bilor mesaje despre principalele probleme politice ale na\u021biunii.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\"><p><b>Cu justi\u021bia: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pre\u0219edintele nume\u0219te <\/span><b>procurorul general<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>pre\u0219edintele \u00cenaltei Cur\u021bi de Casa\u021bie \u0219i Justi\u021bie <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>prezideaz\u0103 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0219edin\u021bele Consiliului Suprem al Magistraturii.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3>Alte atribu\u021bii<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dac\u0103 ai fi pentru o zi Pre\u0219edinte\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ai fi \u0219eful diploma\u021biei: ai acredita \u0219i rechema reprezentan\u021bi diplomatici ai Rom\u00e2niei.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Te-ai \u00eengriji de ap\u0103rarea \u021b\u0103rii.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ai prezida Consiliul Suprem de Ap\u0103rare a \u021a\u0103rii \u0219i ai fi <\/span><b>comandantul for\u021belor armate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, pe care le po\u021bi mobiliza cu aprobarea Parlamentului. Po\u021bi declara stare de urgen\u021b\u0103 sau stare de asediu (cu \u00eencuviin\u021barea Parlamentului).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ai veghea la respectarea Constitu\u021biei \u0219i la buna func\u021bionare a autorit\u0103\u021bilor publice prin <\/span><b>mediere <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00eentre Guvern, Parlament \u0219i Justi\u021bie, precum \u00eentre stat \u0219i societate.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ai fi garantul independen\u021bei na\u021bionale, al unit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i integrit\u0103\u021bii teritoriale a \u021b\u0103rii.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ai semna \u00een numele Rom\u00e2niei <\/span><b>tratate <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">interna\u021bionale (negociate de Guvern)\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pentru c\u0103 reprezin\u021bi no\u021biunea abstract\u0103 de stat (\u0219i nu poporul), se presupune c\u0103 nu cuno\u0219ti exact nevoile cet\u0103\u021benilor (spre deosebire de parlamentari, care au birouri de parlamentar unde \u021bin leg\u0103tura cu cet\u0103\u021benii). De aceea, ai putea declan\u0219a un <\/span><b>referendum <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(dup\u0103 consultarea Parlamentului), despre \u201eprobleme de interes na\u0163ional\u201d<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ai conferi <\/span><b>decora\u0163ii \u015fi titluri de onoare<\/b><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ai acorda gradele de mare\u015fal, de general \u015fi de amiral<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ai numi \u00een func\u0163ii publice, \u00een condi\u0163iile prev\u0103zute de lege<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ai acorda <\/span><b>gra\u0163ierea individual\u0103<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nume\u0219ti trei judec\u0103tori ai Cur\u021bii Constitu\u021bionale<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cen exercitarea tuturor acestor puteri (atribu\u021bii), Pre\u0219edintele emite decrete, care se public\u0103 \u00een Monitorul Oficial. Dac\u0103 aceste decrete nu sunt publicate \u00een Monitor, e ca \u0219i cum nu ar exista.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h2>Guvernul<\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nu vot\u0103m pentru guvern \u0219i mini\u0219tri &#8211; ace\u0219tia sunt numi\u021bi politic. Vot\u0103m partide politice, iar acestea fac o coali\u021bie majoritar\u0103 (numit\u0103 \u0219i majoritatea parlamentar\u0103) \u0219i propun Pre\u0219edintelui Rom\u00e2niei un cabinet de guvernare. Pre\u0219edintele apoi desemneaz\u0103 un candidat pentru func\u021bia de prim-ministru \u0219i trimite nominalizarea sa c\u0103tre Parlament, care va vota sau nu propunerea.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nu este obligatoriu ca membrii Guvernului s\u0103 fie membri de partid sau parlamentari. De asemenea, coali\u021bia majoritar\u0103 nu trebuie s\u0103 con\u021bin\u0103 neap\u0103rat \u201epartidul care a c\u00e2\u0219tigat alegerile&#8221;.<\/span><\/p><h3>Ce face Guvernul Rom\u00e2niei?<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guvernul reprezint\u0103 puterea executiv\u0103.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">se ocup\u0103 de realizarea politicii interne \u0219i externe a \u021b\u0103rii\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">conduce administra\u021bia public\u0103 central\u0103 prin ministere, fiecare responsabil de c\u00e2te o tematic\u0103 &#8211; de exemplu educa\u021bie, externe, interne, s\u0103n\u0103tate.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Str\u00e2nge banii din taxe \u0219i impozite<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Face (\u0219i cheltuie) bugetul<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>Cabinetul de mini\u0219tri<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Primul-ministru conduce Guvernul (uneori i se spune \u201epremier\u201d) \u0219i tot el este cel care-\u0219i face echipa, adic\u0103 nume\u0219te mini\u0219trii care se ocup\u0103 de diverse domenii. Premierul nu poate fi revocat de Pre\u0219edinte, ci r\u0103spunde politic doar \u00een fa\u021ba Parlamentului (adic\u0103 a reprezentan\u021bilor Poporului) pentru \u00eentreaga activitate a echipei guvernamentale. Din c\u00e2nd \u00een c\u00e2nd, primul-ministru se duce s\u0103 le povesteasc\u0103 parlamentarilor despre activitatea Guvernului, d\u0103 rapoarte \u0219i declara\u021bii, care se dezbat cu prioritate.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doar Parlamentul \u0219i Pre\u0219edintele pot cere urm\u0103rirea penal\u0103 a mini\u0219trilor, iar competen\u021ba de judecat\u0103 apar\u021bine <\/span><b>\u00cenaltei Cur\u021bi de Casa\u021bie \u0219i Justi\u021bie<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><h3>Cum ajungi s\u0103 fii (\u0219i s\u0103 nu mai fi) ministru?<\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trebuie s\u0103 fii ales de primul-ministru \u00een echipa pe care o propune acesta Parlamentului.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Odat\u0103 cu echipa \u0219i cabinetul de mini\u0219tri, Parlamentul voteaz\u0103 \u0219i asupra programului de guvernare propus de premier<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00ce\u021bi po\u021bi da oric\u00e2nd demisia din func\u021bie, care e un act unilateral, adic\u0103 nu trebuie s\u0103 \u021bi-o accepte nimeni, c\u0103ci niciun prim-ministru nu te poate obliga s\u0103 fii ministru.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La fel, po\u021bi fi revocat din func\u021bie (po\u021bi fi demis) sau nu mai po\u021bi fi ministru dac\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi pierzi drepturile electorale (adic\u0103 o instan\u021b\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi interzice s\u0103 mai ocupi func\u021bii publice pentru c\u0103 ai s\u0103v\u0103r\u0219it o fapt\u0103 penal\u0103) sau dac\u0103 e\u0219ti incompatibil (de pild\u0103 e\u0219ti ac\u021bionarul unei firme).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prim-ministrul nu poate fi revocat de Pre\u0219edinte, ci r\u0103spunde politic doar \u00een fa\u021ba Parlamentului (adic\u0103 a reprezentan\u021bilor Poporului) pentru \u00eentreaga activitate a echipei guvernamentale.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guvernul poate fi demis de Parlament prin instrumentul \u201emo\u021biunii de cenzur\u0103\u201d, descris \u00een continuare mai \u00een detaliu.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>Mo\u021biunile de cenzur\u0103<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guvernul poate fi demis de Parlament printr-un instrument care se nume\u0219te \u201emo\u021biune de cenzur\u0103\u201d. Dac\u0103 o mo\u021biune de cenzur\u0103 este adoptat\u0103, Guvernul nu mai are \u00eencrederea majorit\u0103\u021bii parlamentare \u0219i este demis. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 s-a constituit o alt\u0103 majoritate parlamentar\u0103, care poate da na\u0219tere unei alte coali\u021bii pentru sprijinirea unui alt Guvern (adic\u0103 s-au \u201ere\u00eemprietenit\u201d partidele \u00eentre ele \u00eentr-o alt\u0103 form\u0103).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dac\u0103 nu exist\u0103 o nou\u0103 majoritate parlamentar\u0103, iar membrii majorit\u0103\u021bii existente nu voteaz\u0103 mo\u021biunea de cenzur\u0103, atunci opozi\u021bia nu poate aduna num\u0103rul necesar de voturi pentru a demite Guvernul. De aceea se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 s\u0103 vedem la televizor c\u0103 parlamentarii majorit\u0103\u021bii \u201estau \u00een b\u0103nci\u201d, iar parlamentarii opozi\u021biei adun\u0103 multe voturi \u00eempotriva Guvernului; de\u0219i multe, nu sunt suficiente pentru a demite Guvernul, pentru c\u0103, evident, nu s-a modificat majoritatea parlamentar\u0103.<\/span><\/p><h3>Ordonan\u021bele Guvernului<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Teoretic, Guvernul nu d\u0103 legi, ci le pune \u00een practic\u0103 pe cele aprobate de Parlament. Totu\u0219i, poate adopta (\u0219i o face frecvent!) hot\u0103r\u00e2ri, ordonan\u021be \u201esimple\u201d \u0219i ordonan\u021be de urgen\u021b\u0103. Hot\u0103r\u00e2rile se emit pentru punerea \u00een aplicare a legilor \u2013 un fel de manuale de \u00eentrebuin\u021bare, dac\u0103 vrei.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Din p\u0103cate pentru principiul separa\u021biei puterilor \u00een stat, Guvernul conduce de facto \u021bara, prin abuzarea mecanismului ordonan\u021belor de urgen\u021b\u0103.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ordonan\u021bele \u0219i ordonan\u021bele de urgen\u021b\u0103 sunt dou\u0103 instrumente de reglementare foarte diferite. \u00cen ce prive\u0219te ordonan\u021bele \u201esimple\u201d, Parlamentul \u00eei deleag\u0103 \u00een mod explicit Guvernului calitatea de a reglementa (de obicei \u00een timpul vacan\u021bei parlamentare). \u00cen ce prive\u0219te ordonan\u021bele de urgen\u021b\u0103, aceast\u0103 delegare decurge implicit din textul Constitu\u021biei. Cum spune \u0219i cuv\u00e2ntul \u201eurgen\u021b\u0103\u201d, ele ar trebui emise doar \u00een situa\u021bii extraordinare, care nu suport\u0103 am\u00e2nare. De aceea, doar \u00een cazul OUG, Guvernul este tratat din punct de vedere constitu\u021bional ca \u0219i cum ar fi Parlamentul \u00eensu\u0219i \u2013 adic\u0103 el ia deciziile. Un OUG produce efecte de \u00eendat\u0103 ce este emis \u0219i publicat \u00een Monitorul Oficial. Fiecare OUG trebuie, ulterior, trecut prin Parlament \u0219i aprobat (ocazie cu care poate fi modificat de parlamentari).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3>Angajarea r\u0103spunderii\u00a0<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guvernul \u00ee\u0219i poate angaja r\u0103spunderea \u00een fa\u021ba Parlamentului pe un proiect de lege, pe un program de guvernare sau pe o declara\u021bie politic\u0103. E ca atunci c\u00e2nd \u00ee\u021bi asumi c\u0103 faci o chestie \u0219i c\u0103 e\u0219ti complet responsabil de ea. Dac\u0103 Guvernul nu face ce s-a angajat sau Parlamentul nu are \u00eencredere c\u0103 Guvernul se poate angaja la o asemenea r\u0103spundere, poate s\u0103 fie revocat din func\u021bie, prin adoptarea unei mo\u021biuni de cenzur\u0103 (a\u0219a-zisul vot de ne\u00eencredere, vezi mai jos).<\/span><\/p><h3>Rela\u021bia cu Parlamentul<\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guvernul \u015fi celelalte organe ale administra\u0163iei publice se afl\u0103 sub control parlamentar, de aceea sunt obligate s\u0103 prezinte informa\u0163iile \u015fi documentele cerute de parlamentari.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dac\u0103 au timp \u0219i vor, membrii Guvernului pot veni \u00een Parlament, s\u0103 asiste la lucr\u0103rile Camerelor.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De fapt, membrii guvernului pot fi \u0219i senatori sau deputa\u021bi \u2013 \u00een acest caz nu e vorba de o situa\u021bie de incompatibilitate.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dac\u0103 senatorii sau deputa\u021bii le solicit\u0103 \u00een mod expres prezen\u021ba, membrii guvernului sunt obliga\u021bi s\u0103 vin\u0103 \u00een Parlament, nu am cum s\u0103 refuze.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guvernul \u015fi fiecare dintre membrii s\u0103i au obliga\u0163ia sa r\u0103spund\u0103 la \u00eentreb\u0103rile sau la interpel\u0103rile formulate de deputa\u0163i sau de senatori.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Camerele pot adopta o mo\u0163iune simpl\u0103 prin care s\u0103-\u015fi exprime pozi\u0163ia cu privire la o problem\u0103 de politic\u0103 intern\u0103 sau extern\u0103 ori, dup\u0103 caz, cu privire la o problem\u0103 ce a f\u0103cut obiectul unei interpel\u0103ri.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h2>Justi\u021bia<\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nimeni nu este mai presus de lege, nici m\u0103car politicienii. Nimeni nu poate invoca, \u00een ap\u0103rarea lui, necunoa\u0219terea legii. Acesta este \u0219i motivul pentru care, pentru cauza ta specific\u0103, este bine s\u0103 apelezi la serviciile unui profesionist<\/span><\/p><h3>Ierarhia Instan\u021belor:<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Justi\u021bia se \u00eenf\u0103ptuie\u0219te doar \u00een <\/span><b>instan\u021be<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u00een numele legii, unde judec\u0103torii \u201e\u00eempart dreptatea\u201d. C\u00e2nd spunem \u201einstan\u021be\u201d, ne referim la judec\u0103torii, tribunale, Cur\u021bi de Apel \u0219i \u00cenalta Curte de Casa\u021bie \u0219i Justi\u021bie<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fiecare jude\u021b are mai multe judec\u0103torii (\u00een func\u021bie de popula\u021bia jude\u021bului)\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fiecare jude\u021b are un singur tribunal.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fiecare Curte de Apel deserve\u0219te mai multe jude\u021be (sunt 15 \u00een toat\u0103 \u021bara)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instan\u021ba suprem\u0103 este \u00cenalta Curte de Casa\u021bie \u0219i Justi\u021bie (\u00ceCCJ) \u2014 una singur\u0103, cu sediul la Bucure\u0219ti.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0218edin\u021bele de judecat\u0103 sunt publice, cu excep\u021bia unor situa\u021bii mai complicate, c\u00e2nd e mai bine ca ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00een sala de judecat\u0103 s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een sala de judecat\u0103 (procesele cu minori, de exemplu). \u00cen rest, nu te opre\u0219te nimeni s\u0103 mergi s\u0103 vezi cum se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Cum ajungi magistrat?<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magistra\u021bii sunt judec\u0103tori sau procurori. Ei intr\u0103 \u00een profesie pe baza decretului de numire semnat de Pre\u0219edintele Rom\u00e2niei. Propunerea pentru numire este f\u0103cut\u0103 de Consiliul Superior al Magistraturii (CSM). Consiliul face aceste propuneri de obicei dintre absolven\u021bii Institutului Na\u021bional al Magistraturii (INM). Ca s\u0103 fii admis la INM, trebuie s\u0103 fi absolvit o facultate de drept. Propuneri similare se pot face cu privire la al\u021bi profesioni\u0219ti ai dreptului care au o vechime suficient\u0103 \u0219i parcurg o procedur\u0103 special\u0103.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3>Trei ramuri ale dreptului<\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ramura penal\u0103 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">solu\u021bioneaz\u0103 conflictele care privesc <\/span><b>valori ale statului<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a\u0219a \u00eenc\u00e2t se judec\u0103 statul (prin procurorii de la parchete) cu infractorii (cei care atenteaz\u0103 la via\u021ba, proprietatea, s\u0103n\u0103tatea unei persoane, la siguran\u021ba \u0219i ordinea public\u0103 a tuturor, la bunul mers al institu\u021biilor, \u00een beneficiul cet\u0103\u021benilor). <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exemple de spe\u021be penale<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; furturi, violuri, loviri, trafic de droguri.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ramura civil\u0103<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> solu\u021bioneaz\u0103 conflictele care privesc valori personale, \u00eentre persoane (avere sau mo\u0219tenire, reputa\u021bie \u0219i divor\u021b, interese de afaceri sau fructicarea propriet\u0103\u021bii intelectuale). <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exemple de spe\u021be \u00een civil<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: avere sau mo\u0219tenire, reputa\u021bie \u0219i divor\u021b, interese de afaceri, fructificarea propriet\u0103\u021bii intelectuale.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ramura de contencios-administrativ<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> solu\u021bioneaz\u0103 conflictele dintre persoane \u0219i <\/span><b>autorit\u0103\u021bi <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(acte, decizii administrative, protejarea sau fructicarea unor drepturi sau obliga\u021bii ale persoanei fa\u021b\u0103 de institu\u021bii \u0219i viceversa). <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exemple de spe\u021be de contencios<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211;\u00a0 acte, decizii administrative, contracte publice, procese de munc\u0103 ale func\u021bionarilor publici, protejarea sau fructificarea unor drepturi sau obliga\u021bii ale persoanei fa\u021b\u0103 de institu\u021bii \u0219i viceversa.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>C\u0103i de atac<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u00e2nd auzi \u00een pres\u0103 fraze precum \u201einstan\u021ba de fond\u201d sau \u201esentin\u021ba nu e definitiv\u0103\u201d, \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 mai e loc de \u00eenc\u0103 un proces, cu un nou judec\u0103tor. Acest lucru se poate \u00eent\u00e2mpla dac\u0103 reclamantul constat\u0103 c\u0103 judec\u0103torul a dat o sentin\u021b\u0103 care \u00eei este (fie \u0219i par\u021bial) \u00een defavoare, caz \u00een care poate face apel \u00een termen de 30 de zile.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3>Etapele procesului\u00a0<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sunt acelea\u0219i at\u00e2t \u00een civil, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een penal: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cercetare \u2192 dezbatere \u2192 deliberare \u2192 pronun\u021barea hot\u0103r\u00e2rii.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cens\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 s\u0103 ajungi la procesul efectiv, mai sunt ni\u0219te etape:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00een civil, e vorba de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">etapa administrativ\u0103<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, unde se verific\u0103 cererea de chemare \u00een judecat\u0103, i se comunic\u0103 p\u00e2r\u00e2tului, se pot face \u00eent\u00e2mpin\u0103ri \u0219i se fixeaz\u0103 primul termen de judecat\u0103<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00een penal, e <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">etapa urm\u0103ririi penale<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (unde se poate dispune \u201eclasarea\u201d sau \u201epunerea \u00een mi\u0219care a ac\u021biunii penale\u201d), urmat\u0103 de <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">camera preliminar\u0103<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, unde un judec\u0103tor verific\u0103 dosarul pentru aspecte ce \u021bin de cum a fost sesizat\u0103 instan\u021ba sau de competen\u021ba instan\u021bei, dar \u0219i de legalitatea procedurilor \u0219i a probelor str\u00e2nse \u00een etapa anterioar\u0103.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cen contencios, exist\u0103 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">etapa procedurii prealabile<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u00een care \u00eent\u00e2i \u00eencerci s\u0103 discu\u021bi cu autoritatea care te-a nedrept\u0103\u021bit, \u00eenainte s\u0103 ajungi \u00een instan\u021b\u0103. Dureaz\u0103 30 de zile \u0219i \u00eei d\u0103 \u0219ansa autorit\u0103\u021bii s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i repare gre\u0219eala. Pl\u00e2ngerea prealabil\u0103 se adreseaz\u0103 autorit\u0103\u021bii respective sau, dac\u0103 exist\u0103, celei ierarhic superioare (aten\u021bie la termenul \u00een care po\u021bi face pl\u00e2ngerea, care poate fi diferit, \u00een func\u021bie de situa\u021bie). \u00cen 30 de zile, autoritatea public\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi r\u0103spund\u0103: poate chiar ob\u021bii rezultatul pe care \u00eel doreai f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 mai ajungi la instan\u021b\u0103. \u00cen caz c\u0103 nu se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 a\u0219a, mergi la proces, la Tribunal sau Curte de Apel, unde po\u021bi cere:\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">anularea unui act \u00een \u00eentregime sau par\u021bial<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligarea autorit\u0103\u021bii s\u0103 emit\u0103 actul pe care \u00eel solici\u021bi<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligarea autorit\u0103\u021bii s\u0103 efectueze o opera\u021biune administrativ\u0103, s\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi acorde desp\u0103gubiri pentru daunele materiale \u0219i morale pe care le-ai suferit.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Afl\u0103 mai multe din Ghidul \u201eOnorat\u0103 Instan\u021b\u0103\u201d &#8211; <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/its.funky.ong\/ghid-OI\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/its.funky.ong\/ghid-OI<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3>Ministerul Public<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dac\u0103 ai auzit \u00een pres\u0103 expresia \u201eParchetul de pe l\u00e2ng\u0103\u2026\u201d, afl\u0103 c\u0103 toate aceste parchete \u201ede pe l\u00e2ng\u0103\u201d fiecare tip de instan\u021b\u0103 (judec\u0103torie, tribunal, curte de apel sau \u00cenalta Curte) sunt institu\u021bii aflate \u00een subordinea Ministerului Public. Iar \u00een parchete activeaz\u0103 procurorii, care au rolul de a ap\u0103r\u0103 ordinea de drept, precum \u0219i drepturile \u0219i libert\u0103\u021bile cet\u0103\u021benilor. Procurorii nu apar de obicei \u00een fa\u021ba instan\u021bei atunci c\u00e2nd se judec\u0103 dosare de drept civil sau administrativ, ci apar mai degrab\u0103 \u00een dosare de drept penal.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cen procesul penal, unde se judec\u0103 \u00eenf\u0103ptuirea unei infrac\u021biuni, procurorul nu este doar avocatul acuz\u0103rii, ci \u00eendepline\u0219te un rol mai complex. Astfel, el reprezint\u0103 interesele generale ale societ\u0103\u021bii, protej\u00e2nd drepturile \u0219i libert\u0103\u021bile celorlal\u021bi cet\u0103\u021beni, ale celor care nu au suferit \u00een mod direct de pe urma infrac\u021biunii. Procurorii lucreaz\u0103 pentru o institu\u021bie pe nume \u201eparchet\u201d. Exist\u0103 c\u00e2te un parchet pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 fiecare instan\u021b\u0103 \u2014 fie c\u0103 e vorba de judec\u0103torie, tribunal, curte de apel sau chiar \u00cenalta Curte.<\/span><\/p><h3>Cur\u021bi \u201efalse\u201d<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aten\u021bie &#8211; cur\u021bi \u201efalse\u201d: \u00een mod sigur ai mai auzit \u0219i despre Curtea Constitu\u0163ional\u0103 sau Curtea de Conturi, \u00eens\u0103 acestea nu fac parte din sistemul de justi\u0163ie, pentru c\u0103 nu exercit\u0103 puterea judec\u0103toreasc\u0103.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Curtea de Conturi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are, \u00een alte \u0163\u0103ri, denumirea de \u201eoficiu na\u0163ional pentru audit financiar\u201d, sintagm\u0103 care descrie mult mai bine ce face aceast\u0103 institu\u0163ie fa\u0163\u0103 de resursele financiare ale statului \u0219i institu\u0163iilor din sectorul public: controleaz\u0103 modul de cheltuire a banului public.<\/span><\/p><h2>Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 a Rom\u00e2niei<\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De\u0219i nu face parte din sistemul de justi\u021bie (puterea judec\u0103toreasc\u0103), <\/span><b>Curtea Constitu\u0163ional\u0103 (CCR) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">func\u0163ioneaz\u0103 dup\u0103 reguli similare cu cele ale unei instan\u0163e, dar are alt rol, cel de a garanta suprema\u0163ia legii: s\u0103 ne asigure c\u0103 legile pe baza c\u0103rora judec\u0103 instan\u0163ele obi\u0219nuite sunt conforme cu litera \u0219i spiritul Constitu\u0163iei, respectiv c\u0103 autorit\u0103\u0163ile publice nu \u00ee\u0219i \u00eencalc\u0103 limitele trasate prin Constitu\u0163ie.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Da, Constitu\u021bia \u021b\u0103rii e at\u00e2t de important\u0103 \u00eenc\u00e2t are propriul s\u0103u mecanism de protec\u021bie, care vegheaz\u0103 la respectarea articolelor din ea.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3>Structur\u0103<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 e compus\u0103 din 9 speciali\u0219ti \u00een drept, cu mandate de c\u00e2te 9 ani (care nu pot fi \u00eenainte sa prelungite), care poart\u0103 tot denumirea de \u201ejudec\u0103tori\u201d. Ei au profesat timp de minim 18 ani, au o reputa\u021bie bun\u0103 \u0219i sunt recunoscu\u021bi \u00een societate ca fiind buni profesioni\u0219ti \u00een domeniul dreptului. Func\u0163ia de judec\u0103tor al Cur\u0163ii Constitu\u0163ionale este incompatibil\u0103 cu oricare alt\u0103 func\u0163ie public\u0103 sau privat\u0103, cu excep\u0163ia func\u0163iilor didactice din \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103m\u00e2ntul juridic superior.<\/span><\/p><h3>Numire<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dac\u0103 Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 nu face parte din sistemul de justi\u021bie, ce fel de curte e ea? E una politico-jurisdic\u021bional\u0103, pentru c\u0103 cei 9 judec\u0103tori sunt numi\u021bi \u00een func\u021bie de c\u0103tre Camera Deputa\u021bilor, Senat \u0219i Pre\u0219edintele \u021b\u0103rii, fiecare aleg\u00e2nd c\u00e2te trei astfel de judec\u0103tori. Deciziile Cur\u021bii Constitu\u021bionale se iau cu majoritatea judec\u0103torilor prezen\u021bi \u0219i nu pot fi atacate \u00een fa\u021ba niciunei autorit\u0103\u021bi a statului rom\u00e2n. Judec\u0103torii CCR aleg, prin vot secret, pre\u015fedintele acesteia, pentru o perioad\u0103 de 3 ani. CCR se \u00eennoie\u015fte cu o treime din judec\u0103torii ei, din 3 \u00een 3 ani.<\/span><\/p><h3>Rol<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cel mai adesea, Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 func\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca un cenzor fa\u021b\u0103 de activitatea de legiferare a Parlamentului. Mai exact, Parlamentul e un legislator pozitiv, adic\u0103 unul care face legi noi, \u00een timp ce Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 este un legislator negativ, adic\u0103 taie buc\u0103\u021bi din legile existente, dac\u0103 acestea nu corespund textelor constitu\u021bionale. Din acest motiv, cel mai frecvent auzim despre Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 c\u0103 se pronun\u021b\u0103 despre (ne)constitu\u021bionalitatea unor legi. Iar c\u00e2nd spunem \u201elegi\u201d, ne referim la toate actele normative, inclusiv tratatele interna\u021bionale.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Alte func\u021bii ale CCR:<\/b><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">arbitreaz\u0103 conflictele dintre autorit\u0103\u021bi. Dac\u0103 o autoritate public\u0103 ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 prin \u00eenc\u0103lcarea principiului separa\u021biei puterilor \u00een stat, numai CCR poate constata acest lucru.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hot\u0103r\u0103\u015fte asupra contesta\u0163iilor care au ca obiect constitu\u0163ionalitatea unui partid politic.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hot\u0103r\u0103\u015fte asupra excep\u0163iilor de neconstitu\u0163ionalitate privind legile \u015fi ordonan\u0163ele, ridicate \u00een fa\u0163a instan\u0163elor judec\u0103tore\u015fti sau de arbitraj comercial<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Confirm\u0103 rezultatele alegerilor preziden\u021biale \u0219i vegheaz\u0103 la respectarea procedurii pentru aceste alegeri, precum \u0219i pentru orice referendum, dar \u0219i pentru ini\u021biative legislative cet\u0103\u021bene\u0219ti.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constat\u0103 existen\u021ba \u00eemprejur\u0103rilor care cer un Pre\u0219edinte interimar \u0219i comunic\u0103 cele constatate Parlamentului \u015fi Guvernului;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u0103 aviz consultativ pentru propunerea de suspendare din func\u0163ie a Pre\u015fedintelui Rom\u00e2niei;<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h2>Avocatul Poporului<\/h2><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">este o institu\u021bie autonom\u0103 \u0219i independent\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de orice alt\u0103 autoritate public\u0103.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avocatul Poporului este numit pentru un mandat de 5 ani<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00ee\u021bi ap\u0103r\u0103 drepturile atunci c\u00e2nd intri \u00een conflict cu autorit\u0103\u021bile publice.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are obliga\u021bia de a se duce anual sau chiar mai des \u00een Parlament, s\u0103 prezinte recomand\u0103ri privind legisla\u021bia.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00ee\u0219i poate exercit\u0103 atribu\u0163iile din oficiu sau la cererea oric\u0103rei persoane fizice, a societ\u0103\u021bilor comerciale, a asocia\u021biilor sau orice alte persoane juridice.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De exemplu, poate nu v\u0103 place un proiect de lege care se dezbate \u00een Parlament, pentru c\u0103 acesta impune ca toate femeile s\u0103 poarte basma. V\u0103 revolta\u021bi, investiga\u021bi pu\u021bin legea \u0219i vi se pare c\u0103 ea ar putea \u00eenc\u0103lca dreptul vostru constitu\u021bional de liber\u0103 exprimare, pentru c\u0103 nu v\u0103 las\u0103 s\u0103 purta\u021bi ce dori\u021bi. Atunci e momentul s\u0103 apela\u021bi la Avocatul Poporului, s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 cea mai puternic\u0103 arm\u0103 a sa \u2014 <\/span><b>sesizarea acestei legi la Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Dac\u0103 Avocatul Poporului crede c\u0103 ave\u021bi dreptate, \u00eei va cere Cur\u021bii Constitu\u021bionale s\u0103 resping\u0103 o astfel de lege.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Curtea Constitu\u021bional\u0103 poate decide c\u0103 legea respectiv\u0103 e neconstitu\u021bional\u0103 pentru c\u0103 \u00eencalc\u0103 libertatea de exprimare, iar asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 proiectul de lege va trebui s\u0103 fie revizuit de Parlament. Dac\u0103, \u00een loc de Parlament, o alt\u0103 institu\u021bie oblig\u0103 un grup specific de oameni s\u0103 poarte o vestimenta\u021bie anume, acest grup se poate organiza pentru a trimite <\/span><b>o peti\u021bie <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avocatului Poporului, ca s\u0103 verifice cu lupa dac\u0103 aceast\u0103 regul\u0103 a institu\u021biei v\u0103 \u00eencalc\u0103 drepturile \u0219i libert\u0103\u021bile constitu\u021bionale.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3>Cum s\u0103 peti\u021bionezi Avocatul Poporului atunci c\u00e2nd \u021bi se \u00eencalc\u0103 drepturile<\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contacteaz\u0103 autoritatea public\u0103 cu pricina &#8211; f\u0103 o cerere scris\u0103, pentru care s\u0103 ceri un num\u0103r de \u00eenregistrare.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P\u0103streaz\u0103 dovada comportamentului abuziv al autorit\u0103\u021bii: r\u0103spunsul scris care te nemul\u021bume\u0219te sau, dup\u0103 caz, propria ta cerere cu num\u0103r de \u00eenregistrare \u00een cazul \u00een care func\u021bionarul a refuzat s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103 cererii tale.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/avp.ro\/index.php\/cum-sesizez-avocatul-poporului\/doresti-sa-depui-o-petitie\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contacteaz\u0103 Avocatul Poporului<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00een maxim un an de la primirea acestui r\u0103spuns, printr-o peti\u021bie scris\u0103<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Peti\u021bia va cuprinde obligatoriu: numele \u0219i domiciliul persoanei fizice lezate, drepturile care au fost \u00eenc\u0103lcate de autorit\u0103\u021bile publice, autoritatea sau func\u021bionarul vinovat, dovada comportamentului abuziv al autorit\u0103\u021bii publice.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nu \u00ee\u021bi face griji cu privire la costuri &#8211; peti\u021biile c\u0103tre Avocatul Poporului sunt scutite de tax\u0103 de timbru.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/avp.ro\/index.php\/cum-sesizez-avocatul-poporului\/doresti-sa-depui-o-petitie\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Po\u021bi depune peti\u021bia<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: personal sau prin po\u0219t\u0103, la sediul central sau la birourile teritoriale; pe e-mail, la avp@avp.ro sau prin fax, la 021\/312 49 21.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avocatul Poporului NU solu\u021bioneaz\u0103 peti\u021bii privind<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legi adoptate \u00een Parlament<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hot\u0103r\u00e2ri ale instan\u021belor de judecat\u0103\u00a0 sau ale Cur\u021bii Constitu\u021bionale<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acte ale Guvernului (cu excep\u021bia ordonan\u021belor)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Activitatea Pre\u0219edintelui Rom\u00e2niei, a deputa\u021bilor sau senatorilor<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h2>Autorit\u0103\u021bi locale<\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rom\u00e2nia func\u021bioneaz\u0103 dup\u0103 principiul descentraliz\u0103rii, \u00eenscris \u00een Codul Administrativ. Guvernul e o autoritate central\u0103, dar are \u0219i \u201eochi\u201d \u00een teritoriu: e vorba de c\u00e2te un prefect \u00een fiecare jude\u021b, care se asigur\u0103 c\u0103 viziunea planului de guvernare.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fiecare jude\u021b \u00ee\u0219i alege, o dat\u0103 la patru ani, membrii unui Consiliu Jude\u021bean (denumi\u021bi consilieri) \u0219i un Pre\u0219edinte al acestuia.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fiecare localitate (unitate administrativ-teritorial\u0103), fie c\u0103 e vorba de comun\u0103, ora\u0219 sau municipiu, are propriile puteri executive \u0219i legislative, alese tot o dat\u0103 la patru ani, \u00eentr-un singur tur de scrutin: Primarul e ramura executiv\u0103, iar Consiliul Local joac\u0103 rolul de contrapondere, aprob\u00e2nd sau resping\u00e2nd propunerile Primarului.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Afl\u0103 mai \u00een detaliu ce face administra\u021bia public\u0103 local\u0103 din sec\u021biunea dedicat\u0103 ei din acest ghid<\/span><\/p><h2>Partidele politice \u0219i sistemul de vot<\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Din ce \u00een ce mai mul\u021bi oameni se simt nereprezenta\u021bi politic: ei vor partide mai aproape de nevoile cet\u0103\u021benilor. \u00cen urm\u0103 cu c\u00e2\u021biva ani, legisla\u021bia a fost schimbat\u0103 astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t a fost \u00eenlesnit\u0103 \u00eenfiin\u021barea unui partid politic.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Un partid se poate na\u015fte c\u00e2nd minim trei oameni, m\u00e2na\u021bi de valori \u015fi obiective comune, decid s\u0103 se implice \u00een comunitate ca s\u0103 schimbe ceva ce nu le place. Ei vor dori s\u0103 candideze \u00een alegeri pentru a ob\u021bine puterea politic\u0103 necesar\u0103 acestei schimb\u0103ri. Astfel, partidele au rolul de a reprezenta cet\u0103\u021benii din comunitate, propun\u00e2nd solu\u021bii pentru problemele lor.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indiferent c\u0103 ai partid (sau alian\u021b\u0103) sau e\u0219ti candidat independent, ai nevoie de:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dezbateri \u015fi sondaje pentru a vedea care-s nevoile comunit\u0103\u021bii<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">program electoral &#8211; solu\u021biile tale pentru nevoile comunit\u0103\u021bii<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">liste de sus\u021bin\u0103tori &#8211; oamenii care-\u021bi dau dreptul s\u0103 candidezi (un cet\u0103\u021bean poate sus\u021bine, prin semn\u0103tur\u0103, mai mul\u021bi candida\u021bi, nu doar unul singur)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Afl\u0103 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inovarepublica.ro\/ghid-infiintare-partid-politic\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de aici<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sau <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/republica.ro\/care-i-faza-cu-partidele-politice-ghidul-pentru-infiintarea-unui-partid-si-participarea-in-alegeri\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de aici<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> cum po\u021bi s\u0103-\u021bi \u00eenfiin\u021bezi un partid politic<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>De re\u021binut:<\/b><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Partidele politice exist\u0103 pentru a ob\u021bine puterea politic\u0103, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103-\u0219i implementeze viziunea lor comun\u0103 pentru societate.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vin cu propuneri de politici publice<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cele parlamentare <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/finantarepartide.ro\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">primesc bani<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> de la bugetul de stat (pentru c\u0103 sunt un actor important al democra\u021biei). Fiind vorba de bani publici, se supun cererilor de acces la informa\u021bii de interes public, \u00een baza legii 544\/2001.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Partidele politice pot varia \u00een ideologiile, scopurile \u0219i politicile lor \u0219i reflect\u0103 adesea diversitatea de opinii \u0219i interese \u00een cadrul unei societ\u0103\u021bi. Unele partide pot fi mai liberale, concentr\u00e2ndu-se pe probleme precum justi\u021bia social\u0103, drepturile civile \u0219i protec\u021bia mediului, \u00een timp ce altele pot fi mai conservatoare, concentr\u00e2ndu-se pe probleme precum guvernarea limitat\u0103, responsabilitatea personal\u0103 \u0219i valorile tradi\u021bionale.<\/span><\/p><h3>De c\u00e2te voturi e nevoie ca s\u0103 ajungi consilier local?<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nu at\u00e2t de multe precum ai putea crede. Fiecare circumscrip\u021bie are un coeficient electoral, dat de urm\u00e4toarea formul\u0103: nr. voturi valabil exprimate \/ nr. locuri eligibile \u00een circumscrip\u021bie.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Exemplu<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: la alegerile din 2012, in sectorul 3 s-au \u00eenregistrat 163.404 voturi valabil exprimate de la cei 402.081 de aleg\u00e4tori \u00eenscri\u015fi pe liste. Aplic\u00e2nd formula, rezult\u0103 c\u0103 e nevoie de 5271 de voturi pentru un scaun de consilier local. Nu uita \u00eens\u0103 de regula pragului electoral, adic\u0103 num\u0103rul de voturi necesare pentru ca un candidat s\u0103 aib\u0103 dreptul de-a fi desemnat c\u00e2\u015ftig\u0103tor: partid 5%; aliant\u0103 de 2 partide &#8211; 7%; alian\u021b\u0103 de 3 sau mai multe partide &#8211; 8% Candidatii independen\u021bi intr\u0103 \u00een Consiliu pe baza coeficientului electoral<\/span><\/p><h3>Sisteme de vot<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">= r\u0103spunsul societ\u0103\u021bii la \u00eentrebarea \u201ecum vre\u021bi s\u0103 fi\u021bi reprezenta\u021bi \u00een treburile publice\u201d:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Majoritar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00eentr-un singur tur<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Majoritar <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00een dou\u0103 tururi\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Uninominal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: \u00een fiecare colegiu electoral, c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 candidatul care ob\u021bine cel pu\u021bin 50% din voturi; dac\u0103 ob\u021bine mai pu\u021bin, urmeaz\u0103 s\u0103 se califice candidatul care a luat cel mai mare num\u0103r de voturi din toate colegiile care compun circumscrip\u021bia; pentru corec\u021bie propor\u021bional\u0103, \u00een unele colegii, se poate califica \u0219i un al doilea candidat, de pe locurile 3-4<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>List\u0103 deschis\u0103<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: \u00een fiecare circumscrip\u021bie electoral\u0103, se calific\u0103 to\u021bi candida\u021bii unui partid care trece pragul electoral, conform propor\u021biei de voturi ob\u021binute; ordinea candida\u021bilor pe list\u0103 este decis\u0103 de aleg\u0103tori.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>List\u0103 \u00eenchis\u0103<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: \u00een fiecare circumscrip\u021bie electoral\u0103, se calific\u0103 to\u021bi candida\u021bii unui partid care trece pragul electoral, conform propor\u021biei de voturi ob\u021binute; ordinea candida\u021bilor pe list\u0103 e decis\u0103 de conducerea partidului<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Actual design favorizeaz\u0103 mai degrab\u0103 candida\u021bii sus\u021binu\u021bi de un partid politic \u00een detrimentul celor independen\u021bi.<\/span><\/p><h3>Avantajele sistemului cu dou\u0103 tururi<\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Reprezentativitate sporit\u0103: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dou\u0103 tururi asigur\u0103 mai mult\u0103 reprezentative dec\u00e2t varianta cu un singur tur. \u00centre cele dou\u0103 tururi unii votan\u021bi \u00ee\u0219i reconsider\u0103 pozi\u021bia fa\u021b\u0103 de primii doi candida\u021bi. Primarul ales dup\u0103 dou\u0103 tururi e mai reprezentativ pentru c\u0103 a fost votat de mai mul\u021bi cet\u0103\u021beni, inclusiv cei care au votat cu altcineva \u00een primul tur. Avem situa\u021bii \u00een care, datorit\u0103 majorit\u0103\u021bii simple, 30% din votan\u021bi dau c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103torul func\u021biei de Primar dintr-un singur tur, l\u0103s\u00e2ndu-i pe ceilal\u021bi 70% din votan\u021bi total nereprezenta\u021bi politic.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>E mai pu\u021bin vulnerabil<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: pentru c\u0103 e mai reprezentativ, primarul e \u0219i mai legitim \u0219i mai credibil, bucur\u00e2ndu-se de o pozi\u021bie mai stabil\u0103. Spre deosebire de situa\u021bia postelectoral\u0103 din ipoteza cu turul unic, deciziile primarului nu vor automat contestate de at\u00e2t de mul\u021bi cet\u0103\u021beni. Dup\u0103 turul unic, cei circa 70% r\u0103ma\u0219i nereprezenta\u021bi (mai mult dec\u00e2t dublu fa\u021b\u0103 de votan\u021bii primarului), pot contesta, pe bun\u0103 dreptate, fiecare decizie a primarului. Acesta devine astfel mai pu\u021bin credibil \u0219i are mai pu\u021bin\u0103 legitimitate \u00een fa\u021ba comunit\u0103\u021bii pe care trebuie s\u0103 o reprezinte.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Competitivitate sporit\u0103<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: \u00een sistemele cu turul unic (cum avem la alegerile locale), partidul care se bucur\u0103 de cea mai larg\u0103 inten\u021bie de vot se va culca pe-o ureche; dac\u0103 \u0219tii c\u0103 vei c\u00e2\u0219tiga oricum, de ce s\u0103 mai pui cel mai bun candidat sau de ce s\u0103 mai faci o campanie ca lumea? Votul \u00een 2 tururi e mai competitiv pentru c\u0103, \u00een campania electoral\u0103, candida\u021bii vor avea interesul s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i etaleze toate calit\u0103\u021bile, iar votan\u021bii vor alege \u00een turul 2 tocmai pe baza unor calit\u0103\u021bi secundare, care nu sunt evidente \u00een primul tur. Gra\u021bie celor dou\u0103 filtre, votantul alege mai eficace, iar c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103torul e foarte probabil c\u0103 va fi mai competent.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Descurajeaz\u0103 corup\u021bia:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> dac\u0103 a fost ales f\u0103r\u0103 competi\u021bie, probabil c\u0103 va aplica legea \u0219i hot\u0103r\u00e2rile consiliului local tot \u00een ciuda competi\u021biei. E re\u021beta sigur\u0103 pentru achizi\u021bii publice trucate, cheltuirea ineficient\u0103 a banului public, angajarea sau promovarea non-valorilor \u00een locul oamenilor competen\u021bi.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>E mai incluziv<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: primarul care c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 dup\u0103 dou\u0103 tururi va comunica mai atent votan\u021bii pe care i-a atras \u00eentre cele 2 tururi. Cheltuielile din bani public vor mai eficiente, pentru c\u0103 primarul va mai atent la calit\u0103\u021bile secundare ale achizi\u021biilor publice. Angaja\u021bii din prim\u0103rie vor mai competen\u021bi, c\u0103ci a\u0219a \u00eei cere \u0219i electoratul primarului ales \u00een dou\u0103 tururi.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h2>Institu\u021bii europene<\/h2><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rom\u00e2nia e membr\u0103 UE \u0219i NATO, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 are drepturi \u0219i obliga\u021bii \u00een cadrul acestor organiza\u021bii suprana\u021bionale, \u00een baza tratatelor de aderare pe care le-a semnat.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mare parte din legisla\u021bia care se adopt\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia vine pe filiera Uniunii Europene<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rom\u00e2nia este unul dintre statele membre care primesc de la bugetul U.E. sume mai mari dec\u00e2t cele cu care contribuie.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>Parlamentul European<\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are putere legislativ\u0103: \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Consiliul U.E. adopt\u0103 legisla\u021bia european\u0103, care e compus\u0103 din Directive, Ordonan\u021be \u0219i Decizii<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are putere bugetar\u0103: poate modifica (\u00eempreun\u0103 cu Consiliul U.E) bugetul (care e f\u0103cut de Comisia European\u0103)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exercit\u0103 controlul democratic asupra Comisiei Europene: \u00cenainte de numirea membrilor Comisiei Europene, Parlamentul analizeaz\u0103 \u00een comisiile sale competen\u021ba \u0219i integritatea comisarilor propu\u0219i.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Membrii acestuia sunt ale\u0219i direct de cet\u0103\u021benii UE;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Un mandat de europarlamentar are 5 ani \u0219i se aloc\u0103 fiec\u0103rui stat membru U.E. \u00een func\u021bie de popula\u021bie.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deputa\u021bii din <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parlamentul European<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sunt grupa\u021bi \u00een func\u021bie de afinitatea politic\u0103, nu dup\u0103 na\u021bionalitate.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>Despre bugetul Uniunii Europene<\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bugetul e orientat c\u0103tre domenii foarte diferite, cum ar fi agricultura, cre\u0219terea economic\u0103, securitatea grani\u021belor, crearea de locuri de munc\u0103, dezvoltarea zonelor rurale, conservarea mediului, promovarea drepturilor omului sau protec\u021bia frontierelor.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exist\u0103 conceptul de \u201epolitic\u0103 de coeziune\u201d, de aceea bugetul U.E. finan\u021beaz\u0103 investi\u021biile menite s\u0103 atenueze diferen\u021bele economice majore dintre \u021b\u0103rile \u0219i regiunile UE.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bugetul este stabilit, \u00een comun, de trei institu\u021bii ale U.E. &#8211; Comisia, Consiliul \u0219i Parlamentul. Comisia \u00eenainteaz\u0103 un proiect spre analiza Consiliului \u0219i a Parlamentului (pot aduce modic\u0103ri). \u00cen caz de dezacord, institu\u021biile negociaz\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 ajung la un compromis vizavi de alocarea \u0219i dimensiunea bugetului.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bugetul anual con\u021bine sumele convenite \u00een prealabil prin cadrul financiar multianual (CFM). Acestea permite U.E. s\u0103 planice programele de cheltuieli cu c\u00e2\u021biva ani \u00eenainte CFM define\u0219te limitele \u0219i priorit\u0103\u021bile pe termen lung ale cheltuielilor UE<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Comisia European\u0103 e responsabil\u0103 de cheltuirea bugetului, chiar dac\u0103 la stabilirea bugetului ajut\u0103 \u0219i Consiliul &amp; Parlamentul.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>Cum po\u021bi trage la r\u0103spundere un europarlamentar?<\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Po\u021bi s\u0103 solici\u021bi rapoarte anuale \u0219i de final de mandat;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cere-i s\u0103 sus\u021bin\u0103 darea \u00een transparen\u021b\u0103 a modului \u00een care cheltuie\u0219te banii;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cere-i s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i publice vizitele \u0219i misiunile f\u0103cute \u00een \u021b\u0103rile str\u0103ine \u00een calitate de europarlamentar (de multe ori nu \u0219tim de ce se duc prin anumite locuri);<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cere-i\u00a0 s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i publice \u00eent\u00e2lnirile \u00een Registrul de transparen\u021b\u0103 (lobby)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Po\u021bi s\u0103 atragi aten\u0163ia asupra oric\u0103rei \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103ri a drepturilor unui cet\u0103\u0163ean european de c\u0103tre un stat membru, de c\u0103tre autorit\u0103\u0163ile locale sau orice alt\u0103 institu\u0163ie.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>Alte institu\u021bii europene<\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consiliul European<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; alc\u0103tuit din liderii tuturor statelor membre pentru a stabili \u00eempreun\u0103 agenda general\u0103 \u0219i priorit\u0103\u021bile politice ale UE; Rom\u00e2nia e reprezentat\u0103 aici de Pre\u0219edinte<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/ro\/council-eu\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consiliul Uniunii Europene<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; zis \u0219i Consiliul de Mini\u0219tri sau doar Consiliul &#8211; este format din mini\u0219tri ai statelor membre \u0219i, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Parlamentul, negociaz\u0103 \u0219i adopt\u0103 legisla\u021bia UE<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/europa.eu\/european-union\/about-eu\/institutions-bodies\/european-commission_ro\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Comisia European\u0103<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; ramura executiv\u0103 a U.E &#8211; elaboreaz\u0103 propunerile legislative europene \u0219i pune \u00een aplicare deciziile organelor legislative<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/europa.eu\/european-union\/about-eu\/institutions-bodies\/court-justice_ro\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Curtea de Justi\u021biei a Uniunii Europene (CJUE)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; asigur\u0103 respectarea legisla\u021biei europene.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h2>Campaniile de advocacy\u00a0<\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">= influen\u021barea politicilor publice sau a deciziilor de politici publice, <\/span><b>\u00een interes public<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u00een temeiul unor drepturi universale (spre deosebire de lobby, care are de-a face cu interesul privat)<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acest lucru poate implica lucrul cu organiza\u021bii care pledeaz\u0103 pentru politici specifice sau po\u021bi porni chiar tu o campanie de advocacy. Iat\u0103 cum:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3>Etapele unei campanii de advocacy:<\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pleci de la o <\/span><b>problem\u0103 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0219i stabile\u0219ti agenda (prin coali\u021bii \u0219i re\u021bele, cercet\u0103ri, mass-media, rapoarte, consult\u0103ri)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Te g\u00e2nde\u0219ti la un <\/span><b>obiectiv <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">legat de influen\u021barea procesului decizional.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formulezi <\/span><b>alternative <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(solu\u021bii) &#8211; prin documente de pozi\u021bie, consult\u0103ri cu exper\u021bi, dezbateri\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identifici <\/span><b>deciden\u021bii <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(prin cartografierea lor pe o matrice a alia\u021bilor \/ adversarilor) \u0219i \u00eei persuadezi s\u0103 ia o decizie prin care s\u0103 influen\u021beze problema ta<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cencepi cu <\/span><b>o campanie<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> punctual\u0103 prin care informezi \u0219i pui problema pe radarul public. A\u0219a po\u021bi coagula \u0219i sus\u021bin\u0103tori \u00een jurul t\u0103u. Dac\u0103 nu merge cu vorba bun\u0103, po\u021bi apela \u0219i la <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">strategic litigation <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; adic\u0103 dai \u00een judecat\u0103 pe contencios &#8211; dac\u0103 situa\u021bia permite, desigur.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ultima etap\u0103 e cea de <\/span><b>evaluare <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; o po\u021bi face prin analize de politici publice, informare, consult\u0103ri \u0219i dezbateri publice.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3>Tactici pentru campanii de advocacy\u00a0<\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Comentezi pe social media<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, acolo unde decidentul este activ. Pot fi grupuri locale, o pagin\u0103 personal\u0103 sau una public\u0103.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Faci un material explicativ <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00een care redai, scurt\/2, problema, apoi \u00eel diseminezi \u00een grupuri \u0219i pe social media. Poate fi unul \u00een format video &#8211; nu te str\u0103dui prea tare s\u0103 pari profesionist \u00een execu\u021bia video. Po\u021bi filma cu telefonul t\u0103u &#8211; e mai important s\u0103 fii autentic \u0219i s\u0103 faci apel la emo\u021bie. Sau pot fi flyere tip\u0103rite pe care le pui \u00een cutiile po\u0219tale de la tine din cartier.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Propui materiale c\u0103tre pres\u0103 \u0219i lideri de opinie <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(influenceri), atunci c\u00e2nd crezi c\u0103 se cade (exemplu &#8211; presa e atent\u0103 deja la un subiect conex cu cel pe care \u00eel vrei \u0219i tu rezolvat)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Chemi la dialog<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: organizezi dezbateri cu exper\u021bi \u0219i deciden\u021bi<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mergi \u0219i offline<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, prin proteste \u0219i alte adun\u0103ri publice. Nu-\u021bi fie fric\u0103 s\u0103 fii creativ &#8211; scopul t\u0103u e s\u0103 atragi aten\u021bia asupra problemei tale.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Detaliem mai jos metode de implicare concrete.<\/span><\/p><h2>Instrumente de implicare civic\u0103<\/h2><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Partea teoretic\u0103 pe care tocmai ai parcurs-o, din care ai aflat cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 democra\u021bia noastr\u0103, e important\u0103 pentru c\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi poate da servi drept inspira\u021bie atunci c\u00e2nd ai de rezolvat o problem\u0103 punctual\u0103. E bine s\u0103 \u0219tii, de pild\u0103, c\u0103 ai institu\u021bii europene la care po\u021bi face apel \u00een calitate de cet\u0103\u021bean \u00eentr-o \u021bar\u0103 membr\u0103 U.E.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ca principii de ac\u021biune civic\u0103 re\u021bine urm\u0103toarele:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">E mai u\u0219or s\u0103 reu\u0219e\u0219ti \u00eempreun\u0103, deci concentreaz\u0103-te pe a str\u00e2nge alia\u021bi pentru cauza ta. Nu r\u0103m\u00e2ne singur \u00eempotriva tuturor, organizeaz\u0103-\u021bi comunitatea!<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fa-\u021bi temele bine: cerceteaz\u0103 cadrul legal, apoi f\u0103-\u021bi o hart\u0103 a alia\u021bilor \u0219i a adversarilor<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lucreaz\u0103 organizat: identific\u0103 grupurile \u021bint\u0103 \u0219i g\u00e2nde\u0219te-te la mesaje personalizate pentru fiecare din aceste grupuri<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imaginea public\u0103 e lucrul cel mai pre\u021bios pentru politicieni, deci conteaz\u0103 s\u0103 cultivi o bun\u0103 rela\u021bie cu media, ca apoi s\u0103 po\u021bi apela la pres\u0103 pentru a expune situa\u021bii de interes public<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La fel, totul pleac\u0103 de la informa\u021bii corecte \u0219i valabile<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>Familiarizeaz\u0103-te cu cadrul legal<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legea e de partea ta \u0219i \u00ee\u021bi poate fi cel mai bun aliat. At\u00e2t Constitu\u021bia, c\u00e2t \u0219i celelalte acte normative sunt foarte importante. \u0218tim c\u0103 sunt circa 10000 de legi \u00een \u021bar\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103 nimeni nu le poate citi pe toate (\u0219i nici n-ar trebui). Dar c\u00e2nd te intereseaz\u0103 un subiect, po\u021bi s\u0103 mergi \u00eent\u00e2i s\u0103 vezi ce spune litera legii. Folose\u0219te Google sau deschide direct portalul legislativ gestionat de Ministerul Justi\u021biei &#8211; <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/legislatie.just.ro\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/legislatie.just.ro\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3>Educ\u0103-te \u0219i informeaz\u0103-te corect, apoi d\u0103 informa\u021bia mai departe<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Totul \u00eencepe de la o informare corect\u0103. E nevoie s\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi exersezi g\u00e2ndirea critic\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 nu pici prea des \u00een capcanele pe care \u021bi le va \u00eentinde propria ra\u021biune. Ne referim aici la erori de argumentare (generate de <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/thedecisionlab.com\/biases\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bias-urile cognitive<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sau <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/yourlogicalfallacyis.com\/\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">logical fallacies<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). Iat\u0103 c\u00e2teva dintre cele mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite:<\/span><b><\/b><\/p><p><b>Apelul la emo\u021bie <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; atunci c\u00e2nd folose\u015fti un apel la emo\u0163ie \u00een locul unui argument solid.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exemplu:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u201ePatrio\u0163i! Dac\u0103 v\u0103 iubi\u0163i copiii \u015fi p\u0103rin\u0163ii, trebuie s\u0103 fi\u0163i de acord cu mine!\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><b>Ad hominem <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">atunci c\u00e2nd ataci persoana \u00een locul argumentului. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exemplu:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u201eDa, pare adev\u0103rat ce ai spus, dar tu e\u015fti un boto\u015f\u0103nean \u015fi \u0219tim cu to\u0163ii cum sunt Boto\u015f\u0103nenii, a\u015fa c\u0103 o s\u0103 presupunem s\u0103 \u00cencerci s\u0103 ne p\u0103c\u0103le\u015fti\u2026<\/span><\/p><p><b>Corela\u021bia nu implic\u0103 cauzalitate <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; dac\u0103 dou\u0103 lucruri sunt corelate, nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 unul l-a determinat pe cel\u0103lalt. Poate s\u0103 fie o coinciden\u0163\u0103 sau e posibil ca ambele lucruri s\u0103 fie determinate de un al treilea.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exemplu:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Exist\u0103 o corela\u0163ie \u00centre adormitul cu pantofii de strad\u0103 \u00cen picioare \u015fi trezitul de diminea\u0163\u0103 cu o durere de cap, asta \u00censeamn\u0103 c\u0103 dormitul \u00cenc\u0103l\u0163at provoac\u0103 migrene a doua zi.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Eroarea tr\u0103g\u0103torului la \u021bint\u0103 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; atunci c\u00e2nd selectezi doar datele care \u00ee\u0163i convin \u015fi le ignori pe celelalte {asemenea unui tr\u0103g\u0103tor care \u00ee\u015fi deseneaz\u0103 \u0163inta dup\u0103 ce a tras \u00een jurul g\u0103urilor deja f\u0103cute)<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exemplu:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u201etrag concluzia c\u0103 to\u0163i oamenii sunt mul\u0163umi\u021bi de presta\u0163ia mea, pentru c\u0103 i-am \u00eentrebat pe sus\u0163in\u0103torii mei ce p\u0103rere au \u015fi mi-au confirmat c\u0103 m-am descurcat foarte bine\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><b>Falsa dihotomie &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">atunci c\u00e2nd prezin\u0163i dou\u0103 pozi\u0163ii alternative ca fiind singurele op\u0163iuni de\u015fi \u00een realitate exist\u0103 \u015fi altele.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exemplu:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u201edac\u0103 nu sus\u0163ii legea care permite \u00eenregistrarea \u015fi p\u0103strarea pe termen nedeterminat de c\u0103tre stat a tuturor convorbirilor telefonice, atunci \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 sus\u0163ii terorismul.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Eroarea Nirvana (solutia perfect\u0103)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; atunci c\u00e2nd refuzi validitatea unei solu\u0163ii realiste pentru c\u0103 nu \u00eenl\u0103tur\u0103 problema cu totul\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exemplu:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u201enu are rost s\u0103 facem campanii \u00eempotriva condusului sub influen\u0163\u0103 pentru c\u0103 \u00eentodeauna vor exista oameni care se urc\u0103 be\u0163i la volan.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u0103se\u0219ti online destule ghiduri \u00een formate variate care te pun \u00een gard\u0103, precum <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ringthechangesblog.wordpress.com\/2021\/03\/05\/erorile-de-argumentare-resursa-gratuita-pentru-a-recunoaste-cele-mai-comune-62-de-erori\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colec\u021bia Erorilor de Argumentare<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Dac\u0103 vrei s\u0103 ai ni\u0219te repere atunci c\u00e2nd dezba\u021bi, consult\u0103 <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/ardor.org.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Dezbatere-Oratorie-si-Retorica-online.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ghidul Ardor<\/span><\/a><\/p><h3>Asigur\u0103-te c\u0103 ai o diet\u0103 media s\u0103n\u0103toas\u0103<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Din nou, informa\u021bia precis\u0103 e fundamentul pe care \u00ee\u021bi vei construi orice ac\u021biunea. Apoi, verific\u0103 \u0219tirile din surse de \u00eencredere. Sigur ai auzit de fake news sau fact-checking. Sau ai v\u0103zut cum de multe ori sunt r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite \u0219tirile false pe Facebook. Ai grij\u0103 s\u0103 nu share-uie\u0219ti dup\u0103 ureche, ci mai degrab\u0103 s\u0103 dai mai departe o informa\u021bie corect\u0103, care poate s\u0103 \u00eei ajute \u0219i pe al\u021bii.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Afl\u0103 mai \u00een detaliu cum gestioneaz\u0103 jurnali\u0219tii informa\u021bia din sec\u021biunea dedicat\u0103 din acest ghid<\/span><\/p><h3>Particip\u0103 la dezbateri publice<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legea nu las\u0103 statul s\u0103 ia decizii importante f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 consulte cet\u0103\u021benii interesa\u021bi, a\u0219a c\u0103 folose\u0219te-te de <\/span><b>dezbaterea public\u0103<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: solicit\u0103 institu\u021biilor organizarea de dezbatere public\u0103 pe subiecte care te intereseaz\u0103, apoi ia un coleg cu tine \u0219i participa\u021bi la dezbatere<\/span><\/p><h3>Interac\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu Consiliului Local<\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Verific\u0103 raportul de activitate al comisiilor de specialitate din cadrul consiliilor locale sau raportul consilierilor locali. Cere rapoartele, dac\u0103 nu le g\u0103se\u0219ti.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Verific\u0103 ce mai apare pe ordinea de zi a \u0219edin\u021bei consiliului local \u0219i ce se mai discut\u0103<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Propune-le consilierilor s\u0103 ini\u021bieze \u00eent\u00e2lniri cu cet\u0103\u021benii pe diverse teme<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Propune consiliilor locale \u0219i consiliilor jude\u021bene pe a c\u0103ror raz\u0103 domiciliem, spre dezbatere \u0219i adoptare, proiecte de hot\u0103r\u00e2ri<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Particip\u0103 la \u0219edin\u021bele Consiliului Local. Dac\u0103 acestea nu sunt transmise live online, propune acest lucru<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>Peti\u021bioneaz\u0103!<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Atunci c\u00e2nd ai de rezolvat o problem\u0103 de interes personal (a ta sau a unui grup din care faci parte), te po\u021bi adresa autorit\u0103\u021bilor publice prin peti\u021bii. Peti\u0163iile sunt folositoare pentru c\u0103 \u00ee\u0163i permit s\u0103 iei contact cu al\u0163i membri ai grupului t\u0103u, s\u0103 \u00ee\u0163i faci vizibil\u0103 cauza \u015fi s\u0103 str\u00e2ngi sus\u0163in\u0103tori. Pot fi online sau offline, formatul este similar:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o scurt\u0103 prezentare a problemei identificate, expus\u0103 \u00eentr-o asemenea manier\u0103 \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 atrag\u0103 sus\u0163in\u0103tori,\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">solu\u0163ia g\u0103sit\u0103, pentru care dore\u015fti s\u0103 prime\u015fti sus\u0163inerea publicului,\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">un tabel (sau un formular) nominal pentru alia\u0163ii cauzei tale.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Textul peti\u0163iei, \u00eenso\u0163it de tabelul de semn\u0103turi, se va depune la registratura institu\u021biei abilitate.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Peti\u021bia poate fi o cerere, o reclama\u021bie, o sesizare sau chiar o propunere, formulat\u0103 \u00een scris (inclusiv email) \u0219i adresat\u0103 oric\u0103rei institu\u021bii. Nu e \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103tor c\u0103 dreptul de peti\u021bionare \u0219i dreptul persoanei v\u0103t\u0103mate de o autoritate public\u0103 sunt ultimele dou\u0103 drepturi din cele enumerate \u00een Constitu\u021bie. Oricare din drepturile de la art. 22 p\u00e2n\u0103 la art. 50 pot face obiectul unei peti\u021bii \u00een baza art. 51; orice peti\u021bie poate deveni obiectul unei v\u0103t\u0103m\u0103ri \u00een baza art. 52. Astfel, Constitu\u021bia ne asigur\u0103, prin ultimele dou\u0103 drepturi, instrumente de remediere a \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103rilor care privesc toate celelalte drepturi.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cursul firesc este solicitarea de audien\u0163e pentru a-\u021bi face cauza c\u00e2t mai vizibil\u0103 printer deciden\u0163i \u015fi urm\u0103rirea procesului care se na\u015fte \u00een urma depunerii unei peti\u0163ii.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Po\u021bi folosi platforma <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/campaniamea.declic.ro\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/campaniamea.declic.ro\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> pentru a lansa o peti\u021bie \u0219i a str\u00e2nge mai u\u0219or semn\u0103turi &#8211; astfel aduni \u00eentr-un singur loc oameni interesa\u021bi de cauza respectiv\u0103<\/span><\/p><h3>Dialogheaz\u0103 cu autorit\u0103\u021bile<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At\u00e2t parlamentarii, c\u00e2t \u0219i ale\u0219ii locali \u00ee\u021bi reprezint\u0103 interesele \u0219i ia decizii \u00een numele t\u0103u. Po\u021bi s\u0103 \u00eei scrii alesului t\u0103u sau chiar s\u0103 mergi \u00een audien\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eei spui ce te doare pe tine sau s\u0103 \u00eel \u00eentrebi ce are de g\u00e2nd s\u0103 fac\u0103 \u00eentr-o anumit\u0103 privin\u021b\u0103 care te intereseaz\u0103 (\u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd). Poate ai vrea ca parlamentarul t\u0103u s\u0103 voteze \u00eentr-un anumit fel un proiect de lege, ori ca consilierul t\u0103u local s\u0103 \u0219tie c\u0103 e o problem\u0103 cu iluminatul stradal \u00een comunitate. \u00cen lipsa unui dialog, ale\u0219ii no\u0219tri nu vor \u0219ti cum s\u0103 ne reprezinte c\u00e2t mai bine.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De exemplu, po\u0163i cere o audien\u0163\u0103 cu primarul, pentru a-i prezenta peti\u0163ia \u00een cauz\u0103, ra\u0163iunea din spatele ei, sus\u0163inerea celorlal\u0163i \u015fi pentru a vedea care este pozi\u0163ionarea sa fa\u0163\u0103 de subiectul \u00een cauz\u0103. Primarul poate face propuneri care ulterior s\u0103 devin\u0103 hot\u0103r\u00e2ri de Consiliu Local, a\u015fadar exist\u0103 posibilitatea de a-\u0163i convinge edilul s\u0103 adopte peti\u021bia drept o propunere din partea sa \u015fi s\u0103 o lanseze pe circuitul de avizare.<\/span><\/p><h3>Care e diferen\u021ba dintre o peti\u021bie \u0219i o solicitare?<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art. 31 din Constitu\u021bie spune c\u0103 \u201eautorit\u0103\u021bile \u0219i institu\u021biile publice au obliga\u021bia de a informa corect cet\u0103\u021benii cu privire la treburile publice \u0219i la problemele de interes personal\u201d. Accesul la informa\u021bii asigur\u0103 informarea cet\u0103\u021benilor doar cu privire la treburile publice. Pentru problemele de interes personal, art. 51 din Constitu\u021bie introduce un concept diferit. E important s\u0103 re\u021binem c\u0103, atunci c\u00e2nd ne adres\u0103m unei institu\u021bii sau autorit\u0103\u021bi publice, trebuie s\u0103 facem distinc\u021bia dintre:<\/span><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">informa\u021bii care privesc treburile publice sau<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">chestiuni care privesc solu\u021bionarea unei probleme de interes personal.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dac\u0103 vrem s\u0103 afl\u0103m c\u00e2t cost\u0103 construc\u021bia unui pod peste r\u00e2u, care s\u0103 scurteze drumul c\u0103tre \u0219coal\u0103, vom folosi o solicitare de acces la informa\u021bii (\u00een baza Legii 544\/2001), dar dac\u0103 vrem s\u0103 ob\u021binem autoriza\u021bie pentru construirea unui pod, vom folosi o peti\u021bie. \u00cen primul caz, institu\u021bia nu trebuie s\u0103 ne ofere un r\u0103spuns special croit pentru nevoile noastre, ci doar copia unei file de buget unde scrie c\u00e2t cost\u0103 construc\u021bia podului. \u00cen al doilea caz, func\u021bionarii institu\u021biei trebuie chiar s\u0103 verifice actele pe care le depunem la dosar, acte din care rezult\u0103 c\u0103 avem cuno\u0219tin\u021bele, capacitatea, planurile \u0219i materialele necesare, dup\u0103 care ne vor trimite un r\u0103spuns special croit pe m\u0103sura peti\u021biei noastre, aprob\u00e2nd sau resping\u00e2nd autoriza\u021bia de construire.<\/span><\/p><h3>Raporteaz\u0103!<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">F\u0103 bine \u0219i semnaleaz\u0103 orice ilegalitate vezi, de la violen\u021b\u0103 domestic\u0103 la \u0219pag\u0103. Nu dispar nic\u0103ieri dac\u0103 nimeni nu face nimic. Tu nu e\u0219ti un \u201enimeni\u201d. Exist\u0103 \u0219i conceptul de avertizor de integritate (whistleblower), care se refer\u0103 la orice persoan\u0103 care face, cu bun\u0103-credin\u021b\u0103, o sesizare cu privire la orice fapt\u0103 care presupune o \u00eenc\u0103lcare a legii, a eticii profesionale sau a principiilor bunei administr\u0103ri, eficien\u021bei, eficacit\u0103\u021bii, economicit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i transparen\u021bei \u00eentr-o institu\u021bie.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Afl\u0103 mai multe de pe <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/avertizori.ro\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/avertizori.ro\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3>Interac\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu mass-media:<\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Politicienii se tem de o imagine public\u0103 proast\u0103, iar presa e unul din principalii vectori de conturare a acestei imagini.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ia leg\u0103tura cu jurnali\u0219tii. Scrie-le pe Facebook sau unde po\u021bi da de ei. Vezi dac\u0103 ce le sesizezi poate face subiectul unei \u0219tiri sau unei anchete de pres\u0103<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>Ia ini\u021biativa: campanii, proiecte, mi\u0219c\u0103ri la firul ierbii<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ca s\u0103 dai un exemplu comunit\u0103\u021bii, pune osul la treab\u0103: al\u0103tur\u0103-te unui grup care lucreaz\u0103 deja pentru a cre\u0219te gradul de con\u0219tientizare cu privire la o anumit\u0103 problem\u0103 care te intereseaz\u0103. Dac\u0103 acest grup nu exist\u0103, de ce s\u0103 nu-l creezi chiar tu?\u00a0 Sau, dac\u0103 ai o solu\u021bie la care nu s-a mai g\u00e2ndit nimeni, apuc\u0103-te s-o implementezi. Fie c\u0103 e vorba de un site sau o campanie de advocacy, sigur vei g\u0103si oameni dornici s\u0103 te ajute.<\/span><\/p><h3>Sus\u021bine o cauz\u0103<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Caut\u0103 o organiza\u021bie (asocia\u021bie, funda\u021bie, grup civic) care lupt\u0103 activ pentru cauza \u00een care crezi \u0219i sprijin-o cum po\u021bi:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doneaz\u0103 timp &#8211; f\u0103 voluntariat (de departe cea mai memorabil\u0103 form\u0103 de implicare)<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doneaz\u0103 resurse materiale &#8211; poate ai ceva care nu-\u021bi mai e de folos, vezi dac\u0103 nu are nevoie vreo asocia\u021bie sau funda\u021bie de el<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doneaz\u0103 bani &#8211; dac\u0103 nu ai timp, poate g\u0103se\u0219ti resurse financiare pe care s\u0103 le investe\u0219ti \u00eentr-o cauz\u0103 \u00een care crezi. Orice contribuabil se poate folosi de mecanismul de redirec\u021bionare a unei p\u0103r\u021bi din impozitul pe venit c\u0103tre un ONG. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Afl\u0103 mai multe de pe <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.redirectioneaza.ro\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">www.redirectioneaza.ro<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>Mergi la vot:\u00a0<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sigur c\u0103 ne-ar pl\u0103cea s\u0103 avem candidatul perfect atunci c\u00e2nd ajungem s\u0103 vot\u0103m, mereu, r\u0103ul cel mai mic. Dar cu siguran\u021b\u0103 e mai bine s\u0103 te bucuri de acest drept pe care \u00eel ai dec\u00e2t s\u0103 nu o faci.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dac\u0103 n-ai candidatul perfect, po\u021bi m\u0103car s\u0103 lucrezi un pic cu \u201ematerialul clientului\u201d: urm\u0103re\u0219te un candidat \u00een campania electoral\u0103 \u0219i ia leg\u0103tura cu acesta astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 includ\u0103 \u00een programul s\u0103u dolean\u021bele tale. Sigur, exist\u0103 \u0219i op\u021biunea de a-\u021bi anula votul sau de a nu merge deloc la urne, dar recomand\u0103m s\u0103-\u021bi fructifici acest drept de vot, dac\u0103 po\u021bi. Exist\u0103 alegeri care se pierd la musta\u021b\u0103, la c\u00e2teva voturi, a\u0219a c\u0103 orice vot chiar conteaz\u0103.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Po\u021bi participa pe durata \u00eentregii zile de vot la activit\u0103\u021bile unor sec\u021bii de votare dac\u0103 te \u00eenscrii ca observator independent. Trebuie s\u0103 iei leg\u0103tura cu o asocia\u021bie care face astfel de acredit\u0103ri.<\/span><\/p><h3>F\u0103 un gest de nesupunere civic\u0103<\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dac\u0103 situa\u021bia e groas\u0103 de tot, mergi de protesteaz\u0103. Pa\u0219nic \u0219i creativ, po\u021bi atrage aten\u021bia asupra problemei \u0219i o po\u021bi pune astfel pe agenda public\u0103. Exist\u0103 multiple forme de protest, de la cele care includ mar\u015furi ori lu\u0103ri de cuv\u00e2nt la cele care mizeaz\u0103 pe diverse forme de exprimare artistic\u0103 (flash-mob).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ac\u0163iunile de protest sunt metode directe prin care \u00ee\u0163i po\u0163i face cauza vizibil\u0103, po\u0163i coaliza un num\u0103r de oameni \u00een jurul s\u0103u \u015fi, nu \u00een ultimul r\u00e2nd, po\u0163i pune presiune pe autorit\u0103\u0163ile statului. De regul\u0103 ajungi la protest c\u00e2nd ai epuizat celelalte instrumente de dialog \u0219i participare.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De\u015fi libertatea de a protesta pa\u015fnic \u00een multiple forme este garantat\u0103 prin lege, exist\u0103 o sum\u0103 de criterii de care trebuie s\u0103 \u0163ii cont pentru a evita sanc\u0163iuni din partea organelor abilitate. Nu uita c\u0103 ai obliga\u0163ia s\u0103 declari, \u00een calitate de organizator, un protest care se desf\u0103\u015foar\u0103 pe spa\u0163iul public, pe c\u00e2nd autorit\u0103\u0163ile au obliga\u0163ia de a asigura desf\u0103\u015furarea sa \u00een siguran\u0163\u0103.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aceast\u0103 obliga\u021bie este prev\u0103zut\u0103 \u00een <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/n\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legea 60\/1991<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> privind organizarea \u015fi desf\u0103\u015furarea adun\u0103rilor publice, o lege veche, din vremea mineriadelor, dar care merit\u0103 citit\u0103 pentru a afla mai multe detalii despre cum s\u0103 organizezi un protest \u00eentr-o manier\u0103 legal\u0103. Practic, ai dou\u0103 variante<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><b>Declari \u0219i at\u00e2t<\/b><\/p><br \/><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dac\u0103 ai un protest simplu (nu te mi\u0219ti, stai pe un trotuar \u00een fa\u021ba institu\u021biei), nu prea ai motivi s\u0103 te \u0219i duci la Prim\u0103rie, la Comisie.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><br \/><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">E de ajuns s\u0103 faci o notificare \u0219i o trimi\u021bi pe email m\u0103car cu 2 zile \u00eenainte de eveniment.<\/span><\/p><br \/><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fiecare Prim\u0103rie are propria cutum\u0103. Dac\u0103 e prima oar\u0103 c\u00e2nd organizezi un protest, poate ar fi totu\u0219i bine s\u0103 mergi, dac\u0103 te cheam\u0103, \u0219i s\u0103 vezi cu ochii t\u0103i regulile (scrise sau nescrise)<\/span><\/p><br \/><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jandarmii s\u0103 considere c\u0103 alt spa\u021biu e mai potrivit, probabil c\u0103 te vei tocmi un pic cu ei.<\/span><\/p><br \/><br \/><\/td><td><p><b>Declari \u0219i te duci la Prim\u0103rie<\/b><\/p><br \/><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dac\u0103 ai o ac\u021biune mai complex\u0103 \u0219i vrei s\u0103 fii super cu \u201eacte-n regul\u0103\u201d, vei trimite o notificare \u00een scris Prim\u0103riei (f\u0103-o din timp cu una sau dou\u0103 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni \u00eenainte)<\/span><\/p><br \/><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prim\u0103rie te va chema la o comisie de ordine public\u0103 la care vor participa \u0219i reprezentan\u021bi ai Jandarmeriei \u0219i Poli\u021biei Rutiere.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><br \/><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acolo vei fi pus s\u0103 faci tot felul de planuri ca s\u0103 nu \u00eencurci transportul public \u0219i s\u0103 nu blochezi drumurile publice.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><br \/><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cite\u0219te \u0219i <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/legislatie.just.ro\/Public\/DetaliiDocumentAfis\/55480\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">legea 60\/1991<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00eenainte s\u0103 mergi acolo &#8211; te va ajuta.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exist\u0103 situa\u021bii \u00een care \u00ee\u021bi po\u021bi lua amend\u0103 din partea Jandarmeriei, dar o vei putea contesta \u00een instan\u021b\u0103 \u0219i aproape sigur vei c\u00e2\u0219tiga, \u00eentruc\u00e2t libertatea \u00eentrunirilor e garantat\u0103 de Constitu\u021bie.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cen cazul pu\u021bin probabil \u00een care nu c\u00e2\u0219tigi contesta\u021bia \u00een instan\u021b\u0103 a amenzii, po\u021bi face o mic\u0103 str\u00e2ngere de fonduri \u00een r\u00e2ndul participan\u021bilor la protest, \u00een numele solidarit\u0103\u021bii, pentru a pl\u0103ti acea amend\u0103<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Educa\u021bie \u0219i implicare civic\u0103 Introducere Educa\u021bia civic\u0103 e materia care nu ne-a fost prezentat\u0103 suficient \u00een \u0219coal\u0103. \u00cen viziunea noastr\u0103, ne explic\u0103 felul \u00een care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 democra\u021bia rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 \u0219i rolul nostru de cet\u0103\u021beni. E important s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem sistemul dac\u0103 pl\u0103nuim s\u0103-l schimb\u0103m. La fel de important e s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem acel cli\u0219eu cu \u201eschimbarea \u00eencepe cu [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-571","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/571","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=571"}],"version-history":[{"count":167,"href":"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/571\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1383,"href":"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/571\/revisions\/1383"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/republica.funky.ong\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=571"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}